Surface and Ground water Chapter 11

Hydrologic Cycle

Streams Stream is a term for all water flowing in a channel regardless of the size “creek, rivers, brooks” “arrollos”. Tributaries small feed streams.

Two types of Flow “Laminar Flow” “Turbulent Flow” Laminar flow: The streamlines of the flowing water are parallel to e< other, moving in straight lines, and the water is not mixed. The surfc of laminar flowing water is relatively flat and undisturbed. Turbulent flow: The streamlines and the water are all mixed togeth< The surface of a turbulent flow of water is choppy and disrupted.

Measuring stream Characteristics Gradient (elevation÷distance) ( ft/milies, meters/Km) Velocity V (distance÷time) (m/sec, ft/sec) Discharge Q (Volume÷time) (ft 3 /sec) * Shape and roughness (Bed  channel floor) (Banks  sides of the channel)

Sediment Transport Suspended Load Bed Load Dissolved Load

Erosion As streams flow toward the sea, they erode rocks and sediment, three common processes erode a stream channel. Abrasion Hydraulic lifting Dissolution

Drainage Basins FIGURE Most of the surface water in the United States flows to the sea from approximately a dozen major streams.

Drainage Patters

3 Types of stream channels patters Braided stream Meander stream Straight stream channels

Sinuosity of a stream

Stream Deposition Levees Backswamps Alluvial fans Deltas

Amazon river Delta

Mississippi Delta

GROUNDWATER Porosity ( %) A measure of the amount of space between particles, porosity is expressed as the percentage of total volume Permeability Describes how easily water can move through the rock or sediment. It is determined by both the porosity and how well the spaces are connected ( to allow flow from one space to another )

Groundwater

Springs

Spring

Karst Topography Caves