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Did You Know? An average adult has between 10 and 12 pints of blood 7% of a person's body weight is made up of blood Human blood travels 60,000 miles per day on its journey through the arteries, arterioles and capillaries and back through the venules and veins. 2

To survive what do cells need? Food and Oxygen A single celled animal like the amoeba, gets its food and oxygen by allowing materials to move across its cell membrane. In large animals most cells are not close to the surface of the body so they would not get supplies quick enough. So how does the food and oxygen get as far down as your Big toe? 3

4 Circulatory System

Composition of Blood 5 Plasma – is the Liquid part of the blood Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets

Blood is made up of 4 different substances: 1. Plasma 2. Red Blood Cells. 3. White Blood Cells 4. Platelets 6

7 Plasma acts as a transport medium for the cells and dissolved substances e.g. Digestion products e.g. Glucose, amino acids, Wastes e.g. Carbon dioxide, urea Hormones e.g. Insulin Large soluble proteins e.g. Antibodies & Clotting proteins

8 3 Types of Blood Cell

What is Blood? 9 Function and composition of human blood.

10 Biconcave discs - greater surface area Flexible Cell membrane - allows movement No Nucleus or Mitochondria – more room to carry oxygen Made in bone marrow of e.g. ribs & sternum Live for 120 days, then broken down in the Liver Red Blood Cells

Role of the Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells contain haemoglobin. Oxygen binds to the haem (iron) part and forms oxyhaemoglobin & gets carried around the body. 11

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The Bone marrow in bones 14 Bone-marrow transplant

The structure of Red Blood Cells & how it is adapted to its function. 15

Learning check 16 1.Blood is made up of 4 different substances, name them. 2.What is Plasma made up of? 3.What chemical does Red Blood Cells contain? 4.What chemical does Red Blood Cells carry around the body?

17 1.Have a Nucleus 2.No definite shape 3.Formed in red bone marrow and mature in the spleen 4.Larger then red blood cell 5.Live for a few hours or days before being replaced White Blood Cells

Role of the White Blood Cells Protect against disease 18

19 1. Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies 2. Phagocytes: Engulf & digest microorganisms Two types of White Blood Cells

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21 Tiny fragments of larger cells Made in red bone marrow No nucleus Platelets

help to clot the blood Reduce the loss of blood Role of Platelets Hemostasis - Helpful Blood Clotting How Does Blood Clot

Learning check 23 1.What is the function of White Blood Cells? 2.Name two types of white blood cells and give the function of each type. 3.What is the function of Platelets?

Functions of Blood 1. Transport: a) Products of digestion e.g. Glucose, amino acids etc. b) Waste products e.g. urea c) Hormones e.g. insulin d) Oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin around the body e) Carbon dioxide in the form of hydrogen carbonate ions 24

2. Temperature Regulation: Blood carries heat from organs e.g. Liver, muscles to cooler parts of the body. This maintains a constant body temperature. 25

3. Defence against disease: a) Phagocytes: engulf & digest bacteria b) Lymphocytes: produce antibodies – proteins which stick to the foreign chemical (antigen) and mark it for destruction by other defence cells. c) Platelets: They circulate in the blood of and are involved in the formation of blood clots. 26

Interesting Facts About Water 75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated In 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is often mistaken by hunger Even mild dehydration will slow down one's metabolism as much as 3% Lack of water is the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue Preliminary research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back/joint pain for up to 80% of sufferers A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short- term memory, trouble with basic math and difficulty focusing on a computer screen or printed page 27

Learning check 28 1.What is the function of Red Blood Cells - 4? 2.Explain.

Blood groups There are eight blood groups and they are classified using two systems. 1. ABO System 2. Rhesus system 29

ABO System 1. The first system is called the ABO System and it has four main groups: 2. O Group 3. A Group 4. B Group 5. AB Group 30

ABO Blood Groups Type OType A A Type B B Type AB A B Antigen 31

32 It is essential to know a persons blood group for safe blood transfusions A B AB O The presence or absence of different glycoprotein's molecules on the surface of the red blood cells determines the blood group, they act as antigens i.e. Blood group: A has A antigens on the red blood cells. B has B antigens on the red blood cells. AB has AB antigens on the red blood cells. O has neither antigen on the red blood cells. ABO system

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Blood Group Compatibility A person with AB+ blood type can receive blood from all of the major blood type groups. At the other extreme people with O- blood type can only receive blood from donors with the same blood type. Blood group O is the universal donor as it can be given to all the 4 blood groups. 34

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Rhesus System The second system is called the Rhesus System and is classified as: 1. Rhesus Positive (+) and 2. Rhesus Negative (-). The Rh Factor 36

The two systems combine to define the following of eight different blood groups of O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB- and AB+. 37

Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution Blood group O Positive is the most common group in Ireland while AB negative is the least common. 38

Blood Group Distribution Facts The most common blood group in Ireland is O positive (47% of the population) The rarest blood group in Ireland is AB negative (1% of the population) The most common blood group is O, accounting for about 46% of the world's population. However, in some areas other blood groups predominate, in Norway for example, type A is the most prevalent People in the West of Ireland are predominantly of blood group O There is a higher concentration of Group A blood in counties which historically received Viking, Anglo Norman and English population settlements There are more people with Rhesus negative blood on the East coast than the West 39

Blood Type Important when giving blood transfusions to match the blood group as transfusion with incompatible blood causes clumping of the donor red blood, which could lead to kidney failure in 3 days & death in 8 days. 40

Rhesus System 85% of Irish people have rhesus chemical on surface of red blood cell. 15% don’t. Rhesus factor is important in pregnancy as problems may arise in second and further pregnancies if the mother is Rh - and the baby is Rh + 41

Red blood cells in the infant's blood are destroyed by antibodies in the mother's blood. If Rh-positive blood is transfused into an Rh- negative person, the latter will gradually develop antibodies called anti-Rh agglutinins, that attach to the Rh-positive red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate / clumped together. Could result in the death of the infant if the condition is not recognized and treated. 42

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Learning check 44 1.There are eight blood groups and they are classified using two systems, explain. 2.Explain Blood Group Compatibility. 3.What do the presence or absence of glycoprotein's molecules on the surface of the red blood cells determine?

Two types of white blood cells (leucocytes) 1. Lymphocytes made in the bone marrow found in the lymphatic system 25% of white blood cells, Function: make antibodies 45

2. Monocytes made in bone marrow 5% of white blood cells, Function: engulf & digest bacteria. Act as phagocytes. Called macrophages 46