Science Notebook What is blood made of, and why is it useful to our body?

Today’s puzzle Outside of a room, there are three light switches. One of the switches is connected to a light bulb inside the room. Each switch is on or off. The door is shut so you cannot see the results of your choices. You are allowed to set each switch the way you want and then enter the room but you can enter the room only once. Your task is to determine which switch controls the light bulb.

Blood Travels kilometers of blood vessels in your body to reach every single cell An adult human has about 5 litres of blood 1 unit = 0.5 L

Blood Blood is a fluid that carries gases, nutrients, and wastes through the body. Blood contains four main components: 1.Plasma 2.Red Blood Cells 3.Platelets 4.White Blood Cells

Plasma Plasma is the fluid part of the blood Contains a mixture of water, minerals, nutrients, sugars and proteins All parts of the blood are found in plasma

Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells take oxygen to every cell in your body Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein Hemoglobin attaches onto oxygen when you inhale

Platelets Platelets are tiny particles which help reduce blood loss They only last for 5-10 days in the body

White Blood Cells White Blood Cells help keep you healthy by destroying pathogens and cleaning up wounds

Body Temperature Your blood and blood vessels also help regulate your body’s temperature The blood vessels will enlarge to transfer heat when you’re too hot The blood vessels will shrink to contain heat in the body when you’re too cold

Control of Body Temperature Normal temperature Normal temperature increases decreases Increased sweating Decreased sweating Larger Blood Vessels Vaso-dilation Smaller Blood Vessels Vaso- constriction Temperature Increased Temperature Decreased Psychological (seek shade, light clothing, etc.) Shivering time * Negative feedback is defined as “the reverse of a trend” Negative feedback Negative Feedback *

Positive vs. Negative Feedback Watch Brainpop Blood and Homeostasis

Blood Pressure Blood Pressure is the force exerted on the inside walls of arteries

Blood Types A person can only have one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O

Blood Types Your blood type refers to the type of chemicals on your red blood cells These surface chemicals are called antigens

Blood Types Different blood types have different antigens on their RBCs and different antibodies in their plasma

Blood Types A blood transfusion is the injection of blood into the body.

Blood Types During surgery, you must be given the correct blood type Otherwise, your body might mistake a different type blood as a pathogen A reaction to the wrong blood type may be fatal

Why fatal? HDN Rh negative mom and Rh+ fetus will have mixing of blood at birth Mom's body creates Rh antibodies unless she receives a RhoGam shot soon after first delivery, miscarriage or abortion. In 2nd child, hemolytic disease of the newborn may develop causing hemolysis of the fetal RBCs

Red Blood Cells 1.What are Red Blood Cells covered in? 2.What are the two jobs each Red Blood Cell does each day? 3.What does haemoglobin turn into? Why? 4.What causes oxyhaemoglobin to “let go”? 5.Do extra red blood cells in the circulatory system allow you to run faster?

Haemoglobin in lungs Oxyhaemoglobin (less red) (more red) Oxygen is released where needed when the blood turns acidic; when there is lots of CO 2

Did you know the facts about Red Blood Cells Mature RBCs contain no nucleus and no mitochondria or other organelles. Why? RBC are cells with a biconcave shape. Why? – The biconcave shape provides for increased surface area/volume ratio and flexible shape for narrow passages. RBCs contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules Hemoglobin also acts as a buffer and balances pH of blood 1/3 of cell’s weight is hemoglobin RBCs have an average lifespan of about 120 days. Old RBCs are destroyed in the liver and spleen. New RBCs enter circulation at 2-3 million/second

Any Blood Disease For your essay – Anemia = Not Enough RBCs – Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA) – Hemophilia – Leukemia

Blood Disease Anemia = Not Enough RBCs Symptoms: -oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced -fatigue, cold intolerance & paleness Types of anemia: -iron-deficiency =lack of absorption or loss of iron -pernicious = lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption -hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to bleeding (ulcer) -hemolytic = defects in cell membranes cause rupture -thalassemia = hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin -aplastic = destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins) Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA) -Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule (Hb-S) that changes 2 amino acids at low very O 2 levels, RBC is deformed by changes in hemoglobin molecule within the RBC sickle-shaped cells rupture easily = causing anemia & clots -Found among populations in malaria belt: Mediterranean Europe, sub-Saharan Africa & Asia -Person with only one sickle cell gene increased resistance to malaria because RBC membranes leak K+ & lowered levels of K+ kill the parasite infecting the red blood cells Hemophilia -Inherited deficiency of clotting factors bleeding spontaneously or after minor trauma, subcutaneous & intramuscular hemorrhaging, nosebleeds, blood in urine, articular bleeding & pain -Hemophilia A lacks factor VIII (males only)most common -Hemophilia B lacks factor IX (males only) -Hemophilia C (males & females) less severe because alternate clotting activator exists Treatment is transfusions of fresh plasma or concentrates of the missing clotting factor Leukemia -Acute leukemia uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes crowding out of normal red bone marrow cells by production of immature WBC prevents production of RBC & platelets -Chronic leukemia accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die classified by type of WBC that is predominant---monocytic, lymphocytic.