Can We Really Run the U.S. on wind, water, and solar? Rick Hoggarth Tobias Mintzmyer Amber Wang Jordan Lindley Prepared for BIO / EES / EGY 105 at Wilkes University. Presented 9 December 2015

Contents -Solar -Wind -Water -Our Opinion

Solar Power What is solar power? photovoltaic vs thermal

Photovoltaic Solar Power What are solar panels made of? How do solar panels work?

Thermal Solar power

Solar Power Pros: Less environmental impact than fossil fuels Renewable Sustainable

Solar Panels Cons: Expensive $6-$8 / Watt Intermittent Exotic Materials

Wind Energy Wind energy is extracted from air flow using wind turbines to produce mechanical or electrical energy. Wind power is plentiful, renewable, clean and widely distributed. The effects on the environment are not nearly as problematic as most other energy sources.

How It Works Wind turbines convert the energy of the wind into electricity. Generally, a gear box turns the slow moving turbine into fast moving gears, which convert mechanical energy into electricity in a generator.

Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Renewable Pollution-free Cost-effective Clean energy Less space is needed Generate energy in remote locations Disadvantages Unreliable wind strength Threat to wildlife Noise disturbance Expensive construction process

New York Plan for 2030 aims to convert New York’s all purpose energy infrastructure to WWS. This conversion would reduce New York’s end use power demand by 37%. It would create far more jobs than it would eliminate. It creates long term energy price stability. It would decrease air pollution deaths by 4,000 per year.

Proposed 2030 Plan for NYS 10% onshore wind ( MW turbines) 40% offshore wind (12,700 5-MW turbines) Replace fossil fuel electric power generators with wind turbines. Boost economy by increasing jobs. Reduce social costs of health related and environmental issues.

I believe that this is a very reasonable goal that can be obtained within the proposed time frame. I believe that renewable energy should be pursued as much as possible. New York is also one of the most important locations in the world. That would be a great start for moving toward renewable energy throughout the world. Conclusion on New York

Global The proposed plan says that it is possible for all energy to be WWS by T. Boone Pickens, a businessman, proposed a plan that allows the U.S. to obtain 22% of their electricity from wind.

Global Plan for 2030 This plan includes the manufacturing of 4 million wind turbines. This will require a large amount of bulk materials such as steel, concrete, magnetic materials, aluminum and copper. Most of the steel used would be recyclable. Finding rare earth metals such as neodymium will be hard to acquire. Production would have to be five times more than the current rate to have enough. It could also strain supplies or lead to a dependence on insecure supplies.

Conclusion for Global I believe that this is something to strive for, but it must be done with consideration and patience might not be the best year to aim for. It is something that can be accomplished over time, but should not be rushed.

1.Why choose water energy ? 2.How does the water energy work? 3.What type of water energy they have ? 4.What is the cost of water energy ( global and US) 5.Where is the water energy 6.Compare the advantages and disadvantages 7.Summary about water energy Water Energy

Type of Water energy 1. Hydropower ( direct and indirect) 2. Wave 3. Tidel

Hydro Power direct Direct hydro power 1, Textile manufacturing 2,Grist mills 3, Sawmills 4, Irrigation

Wave Power —Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work Based on up-and-down motion of sea surface —Can be captured using devices that convert motion to electricity —Could yield more electricity than tidal —Recently deployed systems include ◦ Portuguese project MW ◦ Scotland project MW —Challenges include low speeds, corrosion, wind damage

Tidal Power —Dominant technology is shrouded turbine —Prototypes have been tested in England, Australia, and Italy. —Outputs up to 1.2 MW are noted

Comparison of water energy — Advantages of hydroeletrcic energy Economic benefits ◦ No fuel costs ◦ Low labor —Dams provide recreation and flood protection —Systems are long-lived (decades) —Provides relatively constant power —Benefits local economies —Can be implemented remotely —Can prevent pollution caused by fossil fuels Disadvantage of hydroelectric power —Impacts to fish and birds —Upstream impacts ◦ Wetlands are flooded ◦ Humans often displaced ◦ Siltation behind dams —Downstream effects ◦ Temperature impacts ◦ Dam failures can flood downstream communities

Comparison Advantages of wave power 1. Renewable: 2. Environment Friendly: 3. Easily Predictable : 4. Less Dependency on Foreign Oil 5. No Damage to Land Disadvantages of wave power 1. Suitable to Certain Locations :. 2. Wavelength 3. Weak Performance in Rough Weather 4. Noise and Visual pollution :

Comparison Advantages of tidal power 1) inexhaustible source 2) environment friendly 3) scope to generate this energy on large scale. 4) predictable 5) maintenance costs are relatively low. 6 Tidal Energy doesn’t require any kind of fuel to run. 7 The life of tidal energy power plant is very long. 8 The energy density of tidal energy is relatively higher than other renewable energy sources. Disadvantages of tidal power 1) Expensive 2) few ideal locations 3) Intensity of sea waves is unpredictable 5) The actual generation is for a short period of time. 6) Frozen sea, low or weak tides, straight shorelines, low tidal rise or fall are some of the obstructions. 7) This technology is immature 8) Usually the places where tidal energy is produced are far away from the places where it is consumed. This transmission is expensive and difficult.

Data analysis

Plan for 2030 aims to convert New York’s all purpose energy infrastructure to WWS. nearly 7% of NYS’s total energy in 2030 will be generated from hydroelectric, tidal, and wave power giving 7200 construction jobs and 161 annual permanent jobs for wave power and 13,100 construction jobs and 292 annual permanent jobs for tidal power. It creates long term energy price stability. It would decrease air pollution deaths by 4,000 per year.

Proposed 2030 Plan for NYS 1.Nearly 7% of NYS’s total energy in 2030 will be generated from hydroelectric, tidal, and wave power 2.Replace fossil fuel electric power generators with hydropower plants and tidal as well as wave device 3.Boost economy by increasing jobs 4.Reduce social costs of health related and environmental issues.

Global The proposed plan says that it is possible for all energy to be WWS by “over 160 countries had hydropower resources capacity, with a total capacity of 936 GW across 11,000 hydropower stations.’( world energy council)

Worldwide hydroelectricity output has inc reased — 3,500 billion KWH (as of 2011) —16% of all energy production

Conclusion I believe that it is a feasible goal for people to do it. The fossil fuel energy will eventually run out and after that, the renewable energy will replace the fossil fuel energy with less carbon emission and lower prices as well as more jobs opportunities.

Viewpoint #1 -Environmental advantages of having reduced carbon footprint -Conserving of the fuel in the ground -Economically, it will be cheaper in the long run (fuel will eventually run out)

Viewpoint #2 -It is a very expensive investment -A lot of people don’t like these energy sources “in their backyard” -People don’t think these sources can actually provide as much energy as they are supposed to

Our Opinion We believe that it is definitely possible It may be more of a long term goal that we can work toward for the World. As for, New York, it can be achieved sooner

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