Tuesday, June 17 th Record the date, question/statement below AND your answer in your Do-Now notebook: –What are the three categories of rocks? Have #50 – 78 of you study guide out on your desk. Write down tonight’s HW: –Final exam TOMORROW!!! STUDY!!! Science Final Exam Schedule (Wed. 6/18): –Per 1room 218Mr. Dygos/Ms. Segal –Per 3room 209Mr. Zackaroff –Per 4room 211 Mr. Callamari –Per 5room 213Mrs. Provost

Final Exam Study Guide Earth Science

Weather and Climate

50. What does the Sun do for us? Provides heat and light; powers water cycle; powers photosynthesis; provides vitamin D

51. What qualities of weather have we recorded all year? Temperature, Conditions, Precipitation.

52. What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather is what is happening RIGHT NOW. Climate is a long term idea of what it is like in an area.

53. What are the major factors that affect an area’s climate? Latitude, Closeness to Large Bodies of Water, Orographic effect (mountains- dry zone), Elevation, Ocean Currents

54. What is acid rain? Acid rain is caused by the mixing of chemicals from pollutants with rainwater, which can cause lakes and rivers to have less oxygen. It can also cause erosion.

55. What is pH? How is the pH scale organized? pH is the measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale is organized from pH 0 up to 7 are acids, 7 is neutral, and 7 to 14 are bases.

56. What is an indicator? An indicator is a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base.

57. What is neutralization? Give a real-life example. Neutralization is the mixing of an acid and base, which will result in the change of pH closer to neutral (7). It also produces water and a salt.

Earth’s Structure

58. Types of Rocks:  Sedimentary,  Igneous,  Metamorphic. Describe how each is formed. Igneous: A rock that forms when molten material cools and solidifies either inside Earth or at the surface. Metamorphic: A rock that has been changed by temperature or pressure. Sedimentary: A rock that forms over time as sediment is squeezed and cemented together.

59. What is weathering? The breakdown of Earth’s crust into sediment.

60. What are some processes that cause weathering? Wind, moving water, ice, acid rain, rust.

61. What is erosion? How can it happen? Weathered rock is carried away by gravity, wind, water, and ice.

62. What is plate tectonics? Plate tectonics the study of the formation and movement of Earth’s plates.

63. What is continental drift? A theory that the continents move slowly across the Earth’s surface.

Mid-ocean ridges. Seafloor spreading. Ocean trenches. “Puzzle Piece” continents. Similar fossils on separate continents. 64. List 3 pieces of evidence that help support the theory of continental drift.

65. Where are earthquakes most likely to happen? At a plate boundary.

66. What causes an earthquake? A sudden slip of a fault (crack) in the Earth’s crust, which causes the ground to shake.

67. What are the three types of plate boundaries? Draw a picture to describe each one. Convergent, Divergent, Transform.

Moon and Space

68. Draw the phases of the moon. (How long does the cycle take? Why do we see them?) The moon’s cycle is about 28 days long. We see the phases of the moon due to the moon’s position in its orbit around the Earth. At different stages of its orbit, we can only see parts of the lighted half of the moon (reflected from Sun).

69. What does waxing mean? The amount of lighted moon visible is growing LARGER.

70. What does waning mean? The amount of lighted moon visible is growing SMALLER.

71. What is crescent moon? Less than half of the lighted moon is visible.

72. What is gibbous moon? More than half of the lighted moon is visible.

73. What causes eclipses? Eclipses are caused by the shadow of the Earth falling on the moon (lunar) or the shadow of the Moon falling on the Earth (solar)

74. What causes tides? Tides are caused by the pull of the Moon’s (and Sun’s) gravity on Earth’s water.

75. What are Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion (Three of them!) a. planets orbit the Sun in an ellipse with the Sun at a focus b. Planets move faster when they are in the part of their orbit that is closer to the Sun c. A planet with a larger orbit takes longer to make a complete trip around the Sun.

Seasons

76. What causes the seasons? (Be sure to include ALL causes we discussed.) Earth is tilted 23.5° as it orbits the Sun, so the length of daylight hours and directness of sunlight change over the year. These two things affect temperatures and cause seasons.

77. Define photoperiod. (Why is it important?) Photoperiod is the length of daylight hours in a day on Earth. It is important because the longer the Sun shines on Earth, the warmer it can become. Changing photoperiod is evidence that the seasons are caused by the tilted Earth.

78. What is science? Why is it important? Science is an organized way of thinking about and studying how the physical and natural world. It is important because….. (you need to explain why you think its important!)