Session 11 Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Gavin Smith, PhD University of North Carolina 1 Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course

Learning Objectives 10.1 Describe disaster recovery, including the issues faced following a major and catastrophic disaster 10.2 Discuss stakeholders and their roles in recovery 10.3 Describe and analyze the United States Disaster Recovery Assistance Framework 2 Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course

Defining Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery: “The differential process of restoring, rebuilding and reshaping the physical, social, economic and natural environment through pre-event planning and post-event actions” (Smith and Wenger 2006) Catastrophic disaster recovery Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 3

Disaster Outcomes Positive Outcomes: –Hazard Mitigation –Education –Post-Event “window of opportunity” –Increased investment –Decreased levels of social conflict Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 4

Disaster Outcomes Negative Outcomes: –Degradation of the environment –Failure to assist socially vulnerable populations –Long-term or permanent closure of businesses –Reduced investment –Increased social conflict Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 5

In-Class Discussion Discuss the concept of a disaster as a “window of opportunity” –Who are the beneficiaries and losers following disaster? Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 6

Elements of Recovery Physical Recovery –Reconstruction Social Recovery –Emergent groups Economic Recovery –Continuity of operations plan Environmental Recovery Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 7

In-Class Discussion How do catastrophes impact the physical recovery or reconstruction of impacted communities? Issues to consider include: –Scope of the event –Duration of recovery –Intensity of the event Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 8

In-Class Discussion In the case of sea-level rise, how should coastal communities - which are highly dependent on tourism, tax revenue from ocean-front properties and the harvesting of coastal marine life (which are dependent on the health of degraded wetlands) - address these and other identified economic recovery challenges? Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 9

Disaster Recovery Process The process emerges from the initial response to a disaster and transitions into initial short-term recovery efforts Recovery involves more than reconstruction Following a major or catastrophic disaster recovery can take more than a decade (in some locations, organizations and individuals will never return to their pre-disaster condition) The transition from short-term to long-term recovery is often difficult and uncertain Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 10

In-Class Discussion Should Hurricane Katrina be categorized as a catastrophic event? Why or why not? Are there other measures of physical, economic, social and environmental impacts that should be considered? If so, what are they? Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 11

Disaster Recovery Process Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 12

Disaster Recovery Process Emergency Period Restoration Period Reconstruction I Reconstruction II Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 13

In-Class Discussion Does this model adequately address the issues associated with a catastrophic event? If not, what factors are missing? –Missing elements –Other critiques Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course14

10.2 Discuss Stakeholders and their Roles in Recovery Stakeholders: –Public Sector (federal, state and local governments) –Quasi-governmental and Non-governmental (regional planning organizations, professional associations, colleges and universities) –Nonprofit Relief Organizations (non-profits and foundations) –International Aid Organizations and Nations –Private Sector and For-Profit Organizations (businesses and corporations, financial and lending institutions, insurance, media) –Emergent Groups and Individuals Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course15

Public Sector Key Federal Agencies: –FEMA –Small Business Administration –U.S. Army Corps of Engineers –National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration –Department of Housing and Urban Development –The Military –Others National Response Framework Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course16

Emergency Support Functions (as defined by FEMA) ESF #1Transportation ESF #2 Communications ESF #3 Public Works and Engineering ESF #4 Firefighting ESF #5 Emergency Management ESF #6 Mass Care, Emergency Assistance, Housing and Human Services ESF #7 Resource Support ESF #8 Public Health and Medical Services ESF #9 Search and Rescue ESF #10 Oil and Hazardous Materials Response ESF #11 Agriculture and Natural Resources ESF #12 Energy ESF #13 Public Safety and Security ESF #14 Long-Term Community Recovery ESF #15 External Affairs Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course17

State Agencies and Organizations State Emergency Management Agency Governor’s Office State Legislature Department of Natural Resources Department of Commerce State Budget Office State Planning Office Department of Public Health Others Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course18

State Emergency Management Agency Maintained by each state Responsibilities: –Oversee “comprehensive” emergency management program –Develop and implement training, education and outreach program –Coordination of state assets and agencies after a disaster –Liaison to FEMA pre- and post-event –Administrator of federal programs following disasters Public Assistance Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Individual Assistance –Administration of state recovery programs (if they exist) Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 19

Governor’s Office Emergency Powers designation Committing state assets State disaster declaration Establish evacuation routes Request federal assistance following disasters Designating a State Coordinating Officer Enter into mutual aid agreements Public face of disaster Seek additional funding through state legislature Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 20

State Legislature Appropriate state funds for disaster assistance –Non-federal match –State programs –State “rainy day” fund Establish post-disaster recovery commission State budget – emergency management Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 21

Local Government Government Actors: –City Manager –Financial Official –Public Works Director –Planning Director –Police Chief –Fire Chief –Building Official –Local Floodplain Administrator –Local Emergency Manager Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 22

Quasi-governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations Regional planning organizations Professional associations Colleges and universities Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 23

Regional Planning Organizations Write and implement local grant programs Local land-use planning and plan-writing Collect and analyze data Assume local governance tasks Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 24

Professional Associations Critically analyze recovery activities / offer solutions Provide expert opinion Mobilize association members Conduct post-disaster damage assessments Provide pre- and post-disaster planning assistance Advocate for changes in building standards, codes or other activities tied to their area of expertise Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 25

Professional associations involved in recovery include: Association of State Floodplain Managers National Emergency Management Association International Association of Emergency Managers American Planning Association American Institute of Architects Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course26

Colleges and Universities Conduct hazards-related research Teach growing cadre of students interested in hazards management Provide post-event technical assistance Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 27

Non-profit Relief Organizations Non-profits: –Food, shelter, clothing, medical assistance, counseling and crisis management –Repair and reconstruction of damaged housing –Advocate for the protection of natural systems –Capacity building –Technical experts Foundations: –Provision of gap funding –Share information –Mobilize public opinion –Identify shortfalls in the recovery assistance system Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 28

International Aid Organizations and Nations Link international assistance with local needs Identify appropriate diplomatic channels/organizations to funnel relief Draw international attention to a major disaster or catastrophe Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 29

Private Sector and For-Profit Organizations The Private Sector includes the following organizations: Businesses and Corporations –Financial and Lending Institutions –Insurance –Media Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 30

Business and Corporations Contractors and consultants: –Debris removal –Deployment of assets –Writing and administering of grants –Repairing and reconstruction following disaster Local business aid Corporate aid Financial and lending aid Insurance Media Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 31

Emergent Groups and Individuals Emergent Groups: –Share information –Advocate for the equitable distribution of assistance –Assert the nature of local needs Individuals –Share experiential lessons –Identify and articulate local needs –Grass-roots activism Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 32

10.3 The Disaster Recovery Assistance Framework Members of the Disaster Assistance Network: –Public Sector –Quasi-governmental and Nongovernmental Organizations –Nonprofit Relief Organizations –International Aid Organizations and Nations –Private Sector and For-Profit Organizations –Emergent Groups and Individuals Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 33

The Disaster Recovery Assistance Framework Types of Assistance: –Funding –Policy –Technical Assistance Framework Characteristics: –Rules and understanding of local needs –Timing of disaster assistance –Horizontal and vertical integration Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 34

Rules and Understanding of Local Needs Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 35

Timing of Disaster Assistance Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 36

In-Class Discussion How does the adoption of hazard mitigation measures slow or speed the process of disaster recovery? –Issues to consider include: The timeframe in which mitigation measures are implemented The role of pre-disaster hazard mitigation planning Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 37

Horizontal and Vertical Integration Vertical Horizontal StrongWeak StrongType 1Type 2 WeakType 3 Type 4 Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 38

Disaster Recovery Planning Benefits of recovery planning –Berke, Kartez and Wenger (1993) –Oliver-Smith (1990) –Olson, Olson and Gawronski (1998) –Findings largely qualitative Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 39

Recovery Planning Pre-disaster –Planning tools, including hazard mitigation Post-disaster –Long-term recovery and reconstruction Importance of planning process –Public participation –Policy dialogue –Facilitation –Negotiated rule-making Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 40

The Disaster Recovery Plan Evaluation of existing plans and policies Assessment of legal authorities Creation of local recovery committee Implementation strategy Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 41

The Disaster Recovery Plan Topical elements: –Damage and needs assessments –Post-disaster permitting –Building moratorium –Debris management –Restoration of public services –Repair of infrastructure –Critical facilities –Housing (emergency shelter, temporary, permanent) –Public health, social services –Business and economic recovery –Hazard mitigation Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 42

Reluctance to Plan for Recovery Negative outcomes: –Poor coordination (horizontal and vertical) among stakeholder groups –Increased length of time required to recover –Lower levels of public participation –Reduced understanding of local needs –Missed opportunities to incorporate hazard mitigation into recovery –Increased dependence on federal assistance following disasters Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 43

National Disaster Recovery Framework Listening Sessions Individual and family empowerment Leadership and local primacy Preparation for recovery Partnerships for inclusiveness Communications Unity of effort Timeliness and flexibility Resilience and sustainability Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course44

National Disaster Recovery Framework – Proposed Organizational Changes Federal Recovery Coordinators (FRC) State Recovery Coordinators (SRC) Recovery Support Functions (RSF) Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course45

In-Class Exercise Discuss the Model Recovery and Reconstruction Ordinance (Schwab, et. al. 1998) in the context of the Disaster Assistance Framework Discuss the draft National Disaster Recovery Framework in the context of identified limitations in the current US disaster recovery assistance framework Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 46

Take Home Exercise Create an outline of a disaster recovery plan for your hometown or designated community Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 47

In-Class Discussions Discuss the factors that could stimulate a greater awareness of the importance of pre-event planning for post-disaster recovery Discuss and critically analyze the Disaster Assistance Framework Does the proposed National Disaster Recovery Framework address identified limitations? Session 11: Catastrophe Readiness and Response Course 48