© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 11 Endocrine System

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine Glands Glands produce secretions Endocrine glands make hormones Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to reach their target Do not confuse with exocrine glands, which have secretions that go through a duct

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Figure 11-1 Locations of the endocrine glands

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hormones Amines Peptides Steroid

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Hormones Prostaglandins –Activity depends on which tissue secretes them –Exact nature and function is being studied

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Function of the Endocrine System (1 of 2) Coordinate and integrate functions to maintain homeostasis Hypothalamus Neurotransmitters

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Function of the Endocrine System (2 of 2) Pituitary gland Negative feedback system Nervous control

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary Gland About the size of a grape Located at the base of the brain Connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum Anterior lobe and posterior lobe Also known as the master gland

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary: Anterior Lobe (1 of 2) Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin Prolactin hormone (PRL) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary: Anterior Lobe (2 of 2) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary: Intermediate Lobe A few cells along the borders of the posterior and anterior lobes Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary: Posterior Lobe Vasopressin converts to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the bloodstream Oxytocin

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thyroid Gland Located in the neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple) Regulates body metabolism Thyroxine (T 4 ) Triiodothyronine (T 3 ) Calcitonin

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Parathyroid Glands Four glands the size of grains of rice Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Maintains calcium-phosphorus balance Parathormone Parathormone and calcitonin –Antagonistic effects

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thymus Gland Both an endocrine gland and a lymphatic organ Located under the sternum Decreases in size with aging Thymosin

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Have a cortex and a medulla ACTH from the pituitary gland stimulates activity of the cortex

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Cortex Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Androgens Estrogens

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine or adrenalin –Powerful cardiac stimulant Norephinephrine Responds to the sympathetic nervous system Fight-or-flight hormones

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Gonads Also called sex glands Female –Ovaries Male –Testes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Gonad Hormones Female –Estrogen –Progesterone Male –Testosterone

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pancreas Located behind stomach Exocrine and endocrine functions Insulin Glucagon

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pineal Gland Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain Suprachiasmatic nucleus Melatonin

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging Aging affects nearly every gland Blood levels of some hormones increase, while others decrease Affects the homeostasis of the body

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Endocrine System Disorders A number of factors can cause problems –Disease of the gland –Autoimmune causes –Infections –Dietary deficiencies Signs and symptoms usually due to hyper- or hypoactivity of the glands

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pituitary Gland Disorders Hyperfunction –Gigantism –Acromegaly Hypofunction –Dwarfism Diabetes insipidus

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Thyroid Gland Disorders Diagnostic tests Cancer Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism –Myxedema –Cretinism

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Parathyroid Gland Disorders Hyperparathyroidism –Increased blood calcium Hypoparathyroidism –Decreased blood calcium –Tetany

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Adrenal Cortex Disorders Pheochromocytoma –Tumor that produces excess secretion of epinephrine Hyperfunction –Cushing’s syndrome Hypofunction –Addison’s disease

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Steroid Abuse in Sports Androgenic anabolic steroids Risks of taking –Males –Females

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diabetes Mellitus (1 of 2) Pancreatic disorder Decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans cells or by the ineffective use of insulin Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diabetes Mellitus (2 of 2) Signs and symptoms Pathophysiology Hypo- and hyperglycemia Diagnostic tests Treatments