Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Momentsالعزوم ! 19.2 Know that the turning effect of a force is called its MOMENT and calculate the moment of a given.

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Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Momentsالعزوم ! 19.2 Know that the turning effect of a force is called its MOMENT and calculate the moment of a given force أن يعرف الطالب أن تأثير الدوران يسمى عزم الدوران وأن يقوم بحسابه بناء على قيم القوة 19.3 Know that, in a system of moments in equilibrium, the anticlockwise moment is equal to the clockwise moment and use this in calculating unknown forces أن يعرف الطالب في نظام العزم المتوازن ( الرافعة المتزنة ) أن عزم الدوران المؤثر في نفس اتجاه عقارب الساعة يساوي عزم الدوران المؤثر في الاتجاه المعاكس لاتجاه عقارب الساعة

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers A slide contains teacher’s notes wherever this icon is displayed –الشريحة التي تحتوي ذلك الرمز بها ملاحظات للمدرس To access these notes go to ‘Notes Page View’ (PowerPoint 97) or ‘Normal View’ (PowerPoint 2000). Normal ViewNotes Page View Teacher’s Notesملاحظات للمدرس Flash Files A flash file has been embedded into the PowerPoint slide wherever this icon is displayed – These files are not editable.

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Moments العزوم

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Force and rotationالقوة والدوران 5N A force acting on an object can cause it to turn about a pivot.القوة المؤثرة على جسم يمكن أن تجعله يدور حول نقطة ارتكازه What would happen to the see-saw above ?ماذا سيحدث في الصورة التي بالأعلى Would it turn? If so, clockwise or anti-clockwise?هل ستدور وفي أي اتجاه؟ pivot

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Force and rotation The left goes down - an anticlockwise turn. تدور الرافعة في عكس اتجاه عقارب الساعة pivot A turning force is called a moment. تأثير الدوران يسمى عزم الدوران

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Moments العزوم Suppose you were trying to unscrew a nut using a spanner. The spanner exerts a moment or turning force on the nut.عندما تحاول فك صامولة بمفتاح فإن المفتاح يولد عزم دوران عليها If the moment is big enough it will unscrew the nut. If not there are 2 ways of increasing the moment. إذا كان عزم الدوران كافي فإن المفتاح يفك الصامولة وإن لم يكن كافياً فإن هناك طريقتان لزيادة عزم الدوران Distance from force to pivotذراع القوة Pivot نقطة الارتكاز Force نقطة تأثير القوة

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Increasing the moment 1. Increase the distance from the force to the pivot - apply the force at the end or use a longer spanner. إما عن طريق زيادة ذراع القوة Distance from force to pivotذراع القوة Pivot نقطة الارتكاز Force القوة

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers 2. Increase the force applied - push/pull harder or get someone stronger to do it! وإما عن طريق زيادة القوة المؤثرة Distance from force to pivot pivot Force Increasing the moment

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Moment Moment العزم = Force القوة (N) x Distance طول الذراع(cm or m). The moment of a force is given by the relationship: يحسب عزم الدوران من العلاقة التالية Moments are measured in Newton centimetre (Ncm) or Newton metre (Nm). يقاس العزم بوحدة النيوتن.سم أو نيوتن.متر moment Fxd

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers pivot 500 N 0.5 m Gina weighs 500 N and stands on one end of a seesaw. She is 0.5 m from the pivot. What moment does she exert? وزن جينا 500 نيوتن تقف على لوح خشبي على مسافة نصف متر من نقطة الارتكاز. احسب عزم الدوران moment = 500 x 0.5 = 250 Nm Click for solution Moments calculation

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Principle of moments The green girl exerts an anti-clockwise moment equal to...الفتاة الخضراء تؤثر في عكس اتجاه العقارب her weight x distance from pivot. The yellow girl exerts a clockwise moment equal to... الفتاة الصفراء تؤثر في اتجاه عقارب الساعة her weight x distance from pivot. pivot

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers If the two moments are equal then the seesaw is balanced. This is known as the principle of moments. إذا تساوت العزوم عندها تتزن الرافعة وهو ما يعرف بقانون الروافع When balanced عند اتزان الرافعة فإن Total clockwise moment = total anti-clockwise moment عزم الدوران في اتجاه عقارب الساعة = عزم الدوران الأيمن في عكس الاتجاه “c.m.” = “a-c.m.” Principle of momentsقانون الروافع pivot

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers The principle of moments can be investigated using 10g masses with this balance.قانون الروافع يمكن استنتاجه باستخدام ثقل 10 جم مع الرافعة التالية moment (left) = 10 x 7 = 70 gcm moment (right) = (10 x 3) + (10 x 4) = 70 gcm Both moments are equal and so the seesaw is balanced. كلا العزمين متساويان ولذلك تتزن الرافعة Principle of moments

Why don’t cranes fall over? Tower cranes are essential at any major construction site. روافع الأبراج مهمة في عمليات التشييد في المواقع load arm trolley loading platform tower Concrete counterweights are fitted to the crane’s short arm. Why are these needed for lifting heavy loads?توضع أثقال الأسمنت على الذراع القصير للرافعة عند رفع أثقال كبيرة عن طريق الآلة counterweight

Why don’t cranes fall over? Using the principle of moments, when is the crane balanced? في ضوء قانون الروافع، متى تتزن الرافعة ؟ moment of = moment of load counterweight If a N counterweight is 3 metres from the tower, what weight can be lifted when the loading platform is 6 metres from the tower? 6 m6 m 3 m3 m N ?

Why don’t cranes fall over?لماذا لا تقع الروافع moment of counterweight distance of counterweight from tower = = x 3 = Nm counterweight x moment of load = = ? x 6 load x distance of load from tower moment of load = moment of counterweight ? x 6 = ? = ? = 5000 N

Crane operator activity Where should the loading platform be on the loading arm to carry each load safely? ما هو أفضل مكان تقف فيه الكتلة حتى تحمل الرافعة الثقل بأمان ؟

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Moments activityنشاط عن العزوم

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Using moments in calculations 1. Two girls are on a seesaw. One weighs 200N and is 1.5m from the pivot. Where must her 150N friend sit if the seesaw is to balance ?.فتاتان على الرافعة إحداهن تزن 200 نيوتن على بعد 1.5متر من نقطة الارتكاز. أين يجب أن تقف الأخرى التي تزن 150 نيوتن حتى تتزن الرافعة Click for solution At balance total “c.m.” = total “a-c.m.” 200 x 1.5 = 150 x distance 200 x 1.5 = distance 150 distance = 2 m “c.m.” = clockwise moment “a-c.m.” = anti-clockwise moment

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Pressure and Hydraulics الضغط والضغط المائي

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Pressure Pressure is exerted whenever a force is applied over an area. يقع الضغط على المكان التي تؤثر فيه القوة Which one exerts the biggest pressure, 1 or 2? أى القوى تولد ضغطاً أكثر؟ 1. 2.

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Case 1. الحالة الأولى The arm applies a force onto a board via a finger tip. تولد اليد قوة على السطح عن طريق طرف الإصبع The force applied produces a high pressure because the force acts over a small area. القوة المؤثرة تولد ضغطاً زائداً بسبب تأثير القوة على مساحة صغيرة 1.

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers 2. Case 2. الحالة الثانية The arm applies the same force onto the board. اليد تؤثر بنفس القوة على السطح The force is now acting over a larger area - the area of the palm is greater than the finger tip. القوة الآن تؤثر على مساحة أكبر حيث أن مساحة راحة اليد أكبر من طرف الإصبع Thus, a lower pressure is produced. أى ضغطاً أقل

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Pressure is measured in:يقاس الضغط بوحدات Newtons per metre squared (N/m 2 ) which is called a PASCAL (Pa) Pressure can also be measured in: Newtons per millimetre squared (N/mm2); Newtons per centimetre squared (N/cm 2 ). Pressure = Area Force P x A F Pressure is the force per unit area so is calculated using the expression shown below: الضغط يساوي القوة المؤثرة على وحدة المساحات Pressure

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers The same force spread over a big area means low pressure. نفس القوة تؤثر على مساحة أكبر مما يعني ضغطاً أقل Which shoes would you choose for walking over a muddy field?أى الأحذية تختار للسير فوق أرض طينية

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers The boots on the right spread the weight over a larger area. Therefore, the pressure exerted on the ground is low. الحذاء الأيمن مساحته كبيرة يولد ضغطاً أقل In contrast, fashion shoes have a smaller area and exert a higher pressure. These shoes are likely to sink into soft ground.

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers A force spread over a large area means low pressure, e.g. skis and snowboards.القوة موزعة على مساحة أكبر Application of pressureتطبيقات The large surface area of the board means the boy exerts very little pressure on the snow. He therefore slides over the top and does not sink in. كلما زادت المساحة قل الضغط على لوحة التزحلق مما يقلل الضغط

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers A force concentrated on a small area means high pressure, e.g. razor blades, needles, high heeled shoes, spurs, ice skates, sharp knives. Application of pressureتطبيقات On the cutting edge of a knife a very high pressure is exerted - this makes it easier to cut.حدة شفرة السكين يجعل القوة المؤثرة تولد ضغطاً كبيراً يسهل عملية القطع The high pressure on the cutting edge of an ice-skate melts the ice and helps the skater slide across the surface.حدة حذاء التزحلق يجعل الضغط على الثلج كبيراً مما يذيبه ليسهل عملية التزحلق

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Pressure in liquidsالضغط في السوائل In a liquid:في السوائل Pressure acts in all directions and pressure increases with depth. يؤثر الضغط في كل الاتجاهات ويزيد الضغط بزيادة العمق

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers High pressure low pressure The relationship between pressure and depth is shown by a water bottle with holes along its length. Pressure (N/m 2 ) = 10 N/Kg x depth (m) x density (Kg/m 3 ) The pull of gravity The deeper you go, the higher the pressure The denser the liquid, the heavier it is!

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Hydraulics Hydraulic systems use the principle that pressure is transmitted throughout a liquid. They are used to transfer movement from one part of a machine to another without linking them mechanically. الهيدروليكي يعتمد على مبدأ تأثير الضغط في جميع الاتجاهات لنقل الحركة من مكان لآخر النظام All hydraulic systems use two pistons linked via a pipe carrying a special oil called hydraulic fluid. يستخدم النظام الهيدروليكي مكبسين متصلين بأنبوب يحتوي على زيت هيدروليكي Force applied here Force transferred here Pressure inside all parts of the hydraulic system is the same

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Hydraulics brakesمكابح هيدروليكية All hydraulic brake systems (e.g. in a car) use a small master piston and a bigger slave piston. من أمثلة الأنظمة الهيدروليكية نظام مكابح السيارة The master piston is used to apply a force. This puts the liquid under pressure. يستخدم المكبس الرئيسي لفرض قوة تولد ضغطاً على الزيت الداخلي The pressure is transmitted to the pistons on all four wheels. الضغط ينتقل لكل الإطارات عن طريق السائل Pressure = Force applied Area master piston

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers The slave piston always has a much larger area than the master piston. The force exerted can be calculated from the same equation: So, a greater force is exerted by the brakes than the driver exerted on the pedal. Pressure = Force exerted Area slave piston Force exerted = Pressure x Area slave piston Much larger than master piston

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers The hydraulic brake المكابح الهيدروليكية Foot pedal Master piston Slave pistons drum Friction shoes Hydraulic fluid

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers The hydraulic brake – exampleمثال The car master piston has an area of 5cm 2. If a force of 10N is applied to it, calculate the pressure created in the brake pipes. If the slave piston has an area of 50 cm 2, calculate the force exerted on the brake disc.مكبس مساحته 5 سم2 يؤثر بقوة 10 نيوتن احسب الضغط الناشئ على المكبس الثاني والذي مساحته 50 سم2 At the master piston, P=F/A= 10/5 = 2 N/cm 2 At the slave piston, F= PxA =2x50 = 100 N (10 times the original force applied to the master piston). Click for solution

Grade 9 Unit P.5 – Moments and Levers Hydraulics activity نشاط على الهيدروليكا