Basics of Chemistry

Outline Matter Atoms Structure of Atoms Elements Periodic Table Reading the Periodic Table Compounds Mixtures

Matter Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space – Examples -> rock, paper, scissors, lizard, Spock – Can be in 1 of 3 states (forms) Solid Liquid Gas Liquid Solid Gas

Atoms Atoms: the building blocks of all matter – All matter is made up of atoms – Atoms are made up of 3 parts Protons: have a positive charge Electrons: have a negative charge Neutrons: have a neutral charge – The center of the atom is called the nucleus Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus Electrons are found around the nucleus

Structure of Atoms Proton Electron Neutron

Elements Element: anything that cannot be broken down into simpler substances –M–Made up of only 1 kind of atom The element oxygen is made up of only oxygen atoms, the element hydrogen is made up of only hydrogen atoms –9–99% of all living matter is made up of 6 elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S)

– Each element has its own characteristics Can be a solid, liquid, or gas Can have a unique color Can have a unique odor

Periodic Table Periodic table: chart used to organize the elements based on their characteristics

Reading the Periodic Table Symbol: abbreviation for element name – 1 st letter is capitalized ; 2 nd letter is lowercase Atomic number: number of protons Atomic weight: average number of protons and neutrons Atomic number Element Name Element Symbol Atomic Weight

Compounds Compound: 2 or more types of elements joined together chemically – Have properties (characteristics) different from the parts that make them up – Very hard to separate back into the original parts Table Sugar - C 12 H 22 O 11

Compounds –A–All compounds have formulas that tell which elements are in them Tells the number of atoms of each element in the compound Example -> H 2 0 is water ; H 2 O 2 is peroxide –M–Must have the exact elements and numbers from the formula to have that compound

How to Read Compound Formulas This is the formula for water –S–Shows that water is made up of 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom H2OH2O Element Symbol Tells how many atoms

Mixtures Mixture: a combination of substances in which the individual substances keep their own properties (characteristics) – Combined together physically not chemically – Fairly easy to separate back into original substances – No formulas or amounts of the substances – Examples -> salt and pepper, saltwater, chex mix, sandwich