The Spread of Protestantism Chapter12-4

Zwinglian Reformation The Peace of Augsburg meant that Christian unity had been forever lost Even before the Peace the division in faith had appeared In Switzerland the Ulrich Zwingli began to introduce a new religious form All relics & images were abolished A new service consisting of prayer, sermons, & scripture replaced the mass

Zwinglian Reformation Zwingli sought to align himself with Luther but was unable to agree on certain Christian rights In 1531 war broke out in Switzerland between Catholics forces & that of Zwingli Zwingli was found wounded & was later killed, his body cut into pieces, burned, & his ashes scattered The leadership of the Protestant movement now was in the hands of John Calvin

Calvin & Calvinism Calvin was educated in France but was forced to flee the Catholic country for Switzerland He would publish the Institutes of the Christian Religion which was a summary of Protestant thought This work would give Calvin creditability as well as make him a leader of the protestant movement When it came to doctrine Calvin was very close to Luther as he too believed in the doctrine of justification Calvin also put great emphasis on the belief of the all-powerful nature of god or what he called the “power, grace, and glory of God” This belief led him to other ideas such as predestination or that God had already determined who would be saved or not saved

Calvin & Calvinism In 1536 Calvin established a church government that used both clergy & laity Also established was the court of Consistory which would oversee the moral aspects of the community Punishment was handed out to those who strayed from doctrine, drunkenness, dancing, singing obscene songs, swearing, playing cards, etc… With Geneva as the center Calvin’s Protestantism began to century spread across Europe By the mid-sixteenth century Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism

Reformation in England The English Reformation was rooted in politics not religion King Henry VII wanted an annulment from his wife Catherine because she failed to produce a male successor Impatient for the church Henry turned to the English courts who issued the annulment (He would marry Anne Bolin who would give him another daughter, Elizabeth I)

Reformation in England In 1534 Henry moved to break away from the Catholic church of England & the Pope in Rome The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the King was the only supreme head of the new church of England Thomas Moore who was a Christian Humanist & devout Catholic opposed the King & was beheaded

Reformation in England Henry dissolved the monasteries taking the profits When it came to church doctrine Henry followed Catholic teaching Henry would be replaced by his son, Edward VI, who would move the church closer to Protestant direction Edward would die at the age of 16 & be replaced by his sister Marry who wanted to restore England to Catholicism Marry would kill some 300 Protestants gaining the title of “Bloody Mary” This only strengthened the Protestant hold on England

Anabaptists Reformers like Luther allowed the state to play a major role which angered some, namely the Anabaptists This group was a community that believed in adult baptism This was the main difference between the Catholics & Lutherans The Anabaptist considered all believers to be equal & all were considered priests thus any member could become the minister or spiritual leader Finally the Anabaptist believed in complete separation of church & state & no member participated in government

Reformation & Society Although the family became the center of life during the Reformation the lives of most women & Jews did not improve It was during this period that the clergy were allowed to marry The man was however, still the focus of the family as the women's role was be obedient & bear children

Catholic Reformation When it came to the catholic church Pope Paul III would lead the way The support of Catholic Reformation would come from three main pillars-the Jesuits, Council of Trent, & reform of the Papacy itself The Jesuits would be founded by Ignatius of Loyola & took a solemn oath in support of the Papacy Prior to the Protestant Reformation the Papacy had been very corrupt, it took the jolt of the protestants to start change Pope Paul III saw this need for change & appointed a reform commission in 1537 which would lead to the Council of Trent For 18 years the Church hierarchy would meet at Trent & discuss religious issues as they pertained to the Catholic church From this the following were decreed; faith & good works are essential to salvation, catholic sacraments are to be upheld, belief in purgatory & indulgences were strengthened but indulgences were forbidden to be sold, & the Pope was the supreme leader of the Catholic Church