Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution

Scholars relied on established authorities for the truth… Scholars relied on established authorities for the truth… Who were these established authorities?? Who were these established authorities?? Before the Revolution…

Established authorities included: Established authorities included: The Bible The Bible Catholic Church Catholic Church Ancient Greeks/Romans (like Aristotle & Ptolemy) Ancient Greeks/Romans (like Aristotle & Ptolemy) Before the Revolution…

Early scientists who used spells & magic formulas Early scientists who used spells & magic formulas Pre-Revolution: Alchemists

Pre-Revolution: Astrologers Studied the position of the stars & planets, as well as the way in which the positions of these bodies affected people’s lives Studied the position of the stars & planets, as well as the way in which the positions of these bodies affected people’s lives Contributed to the body of information regarding the cosmos Contributed to the body of information regarding the cosmos

New Beliefs Emerge New Beliefs Emerge

Principle of Doubt: Principle of Doubt: Nothing can be believed unless it has be proven through experimentation Nothing can be believed unless it has be proven through experimentation New instruments: New instruments: Barometer, microscope, thermometer Barometer, microscope, thermometer New Beliefs Emerge

Pre-Revolution: Geocentricity Earth as the center of the universe Earth as the center of the universe Planets & sun rotate around earth Planets & sun rotate around earth Idea from Aristotle/Ptolemy Idea from Aristotle/Ptolemy

Pre-Revolution: Geocentricity According to Church doctrine, God created the universe to serve his people; therefore, the people’s home must be the center of the universe According to Church doctrine, God created the universe to serve his people; therefore, the people’s home must be the center of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer Polish astronomer Wrote On the Revolution of Wrote On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres Heavenly Spheres

New Theory: Heliocentricity Sun as the center of the universe – Heliocentric Theory! Sun as the center of the universe – Heliocentric Theory! Planets rotate around it Planets rotate around it

Nicolaus Copernicus Stated that Earth rotated on an axis & revolved around the sun Stated that Earth rotated on an axis & revolved around the sun Fearing persecution, Copernicus did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life (he received a copy of his book on his deathbed!) Fearing persecution, Copernicus did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life (he received a copy of his book on his deathbed!)

German Astronomer & Mathematician German Astronomer & Mathematician Johannes Kepler

Stated that the planets move in an oval-shaped path (ellipses) Stated that the planets move in an oval-shaped path (ellipses) Used mathematics to prove the heliocentric theory Used mathematics to prove the heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler

Galileo Galilee Italian Mathematician Italian Mathematician Copernican theory Copernican theory Wrote Dialogue on Two Great World Systems Wrote Dialogue on Two Great World Systems

Galileo Galilee Established the universal laws of physics & the law of inertia (body in motion stays in motion) Established the universal laws of physics & the law of inertia (body in motion stays in motion)

Galileo’s Observations Built a new telescope – observed… Built a new telescope – observed… Sun Spots Sun Spots Earth rotates on its axis Earth rotates on its axis Rings on Saturn Rings on Saturn Moons of Jupiter Moons of Jupiter

Mountains & valleys of the moon Mountains & valleys of the moon Rate at which objects fall (32 feet per sec) minus the friction of air Rate at which objects fall (32 feet per sec) minus the friction of air Galileo’s Observations

Galileo Galilee Stood trial for heresy – why? Stood trial for heresy – why? Due to the Inquisition Galileo was threatened with torture and was forced to recant his scientific position Due to the Inquisition Galileo was threatened with torture and was forced to recant his scientific position

Galileo Galilee “With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.” “With sincere heart and unpretended faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.” He lived under house arrest until he died (blind) in 1642 He lived under house arrest until he died (blind) in 1642 In 1992, the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo had been right… In 1992, the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo had been right…

Sir Isaac Newton English Scientist English Scientist Discovered the law of universal gravitation Discovered the law of universal gravitation Developed calculus Developed calculus

Wrote Mathematic Principles of Natural Science Wrote Mathematic Principles of Natural Science Precise mathematical formulas could describe an orderly universe Precise mathematical formulas could describe an orderly universe Sir Isaac Newton

Conclusions The Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Revolution: Created an atmosphere of skepticism Created an atmosphere of skepticism Emphasized the importance of using the Scientific Method Emphasized the importance of using the Scientific Method Impacted law, study of history, chronology & eventually philosophy Impacted law, study of history, chronology & eventually philosophy