Sgt. Lenka FENCLOVÁ 25 JAN 2016

CONTENT 1. Basic life functions 2. Life-threatening conditions 2.1Types of injuries 2.2Principle C-ABC 2.3Haemorrhage 2.4Obstruction of the airways 2

1. BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS 1. Basic life functions a) Consciousness b) Respiration c) Circulation 3

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS 2.1TYPES OF INJURIES a) Obstruction of the airways b) Chest injury c) Abdominal injury d) Limb injury e) Head injury f) Spine injury 2.2PRINCIPLE C-ABC C – Catastrophic Hemorrhage Control A – Airway B – Breathing C – Circulation The principle of C-ABC is detect and treat life-threatening conditions due to logical steps 4

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS 2.3 HAEMORRHAGE  is a disease condition in which blood escapes from blood vessels due to a breach of vascular wall  the volume of blood in the body is 5-6 litres  the body can cope with a 10% blood loss  sudden loss of one third of blood leads to the expansion of shock  Types of bleeding: a. internal b. external 5

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS a. Internal bleeding:  pain and sensitivity in the area of injury  reduce of blood pressure  rapid breathing  sudden paleness, tiredness, sleepiness,  poorly palpable pulse  edema  symptoms of shock  hematoma, peripherals are cold and sweaty  First-aid of internal bleeding:  principle CABC  antishock measures – 5T  professional medical examination 6

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS b. External bleeding  venous – slowly flowing dark red blood  arterial – splashes of bright red blood  capillary  mixed Stop venous bleeding:  Seat or lay a patient  Attach a pressure bandage made of three layers (sterile, pressure, and fuser)  If bandage leak, attach another layer and do not remove the original. Could be max 3 layers.  If we do not have pressure bandage, we can press our fingers into the wound through a piece of cloth  Lift the injured limb above the heart (elevation)  It is advisable to use protective gloves 7

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS Stop arterial bleeding:  Use pressure bandage  Or press fingers into the wound through a piece of cloth  Use tourniquet at pressure point  Lift the injured limb above the heart PRESSURE POINTS: groin, temple, neck, leg, arm,…. 8

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS Use tourniquet:  traumatic amputation of a massive haemorrhage  limb arterial bleeding  effusion of 3 layers of pressure bandage Principle of usage:  write on the forehead “T” and time  do not use on the joint  put on the clothes ONLY  tourniquet width at least 5 cm  immobilize and cool the limb  do not remove the tourniquet, but it is possible to slacken it and use pressure bandage  attach to the upper third of the limbs 9

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS 2.4OBSTRUCTION OF THE AIRWAYS Procedures for identifying respiratory arrest  seeing the movement of the chest  hearing exhaled air, gasping  feeling exhaled air on my face  putting the hand on the chest and feeling the movements 10

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS How to clear airways:  give back blows  Heimlich maneuver  patient has to lay on his back  cleaning the oral cavity  head-tilt and chin-lift or  jaw-thrust maneuver = Esmarch maneuver  the sharp artificial breath  external heart massage 11

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS Artificial breathing:  mouth-to-mouth respiration  mouth-to-nose respiration  Both of them for infants Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)  operations to ensure the recovery of vital functions ( respiration, circulation, consciousness)  sudden cardiac arrest leading to unconsciousness during 10 seconds and the extinction of breathing activity in 30-60s  CPR execute only if the patient is unconscious, not breathing and without pulse 12

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS Procedure of CPR  30 compressions and 2 breaths  compression depth is 4-5 cm  the pressure point is in the middle of the chest  after successful resuscitation, we put the wounded in the recovery position  check the injured every 3 to 5 min CPR by kids:  infant  3 compressions and 1 breath (before these compressions 5 breaths)  frequency /min 13

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS PNEUMOTHORAX  open  closed (can lead to tension pneumothorax) Main symptoms of open pneumothorax:  wounded coughs the blood  frothy blood flowing from the wound  feeling of suffocation and pain  Cyanosis 14

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS 15

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS First-aid:  cut open the clothes  try to find the hole in the chest wall  do not remove the cloth from the wound  do not clean the wound or remove any things from the wound  put the hand on the wound as soon as possible  put clean cover on the wound  apply the cover during the exhalation  the cover have to exceed the wound by 5cm  it is necessary to oversee the wounded due to a risk of tension pneumothorax  position of wounded: - conscious -> semi-sitting position - unconsciousness -> recovery position 16

2. LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS Closed and Tension pneumothorax: How can we help: 17

SOURCES   Poskytování první pomoci (Zdravotnické minimum)  19