Healthy People 2010 Focus Area 16: Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Progress Review September 20, 2007

Overview Approximately 6 million pregnancies each year in U.S. U.S. infant mortality internationally ranked 29 th (2004) Birth defects affect 1 in 33 U.S. births annually 2005 (preliminary) U.S. cesarean rate is highest ever recorded Breastfeeding saves on health care costs: reduced sick care visits, prescriptions, hospitalizations

Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Focus Area Fetal, Infant, Child, and Adolescent Deaths Maternal Deaths and Illnesses Prenatal Care Obstetrical Care Risk Factors Developmental Disabilities and Neural Tube Defects Prenatal Substance Exposure Breastfeeding, Newborn Screening, and Service Systems

16-13 Infants put to sleep on their backs 16-14c Autism spectrum disorder Target met or exceeded Improving 16-1c Infant mortality 16-1h Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 16-6a Prenatal care Neural tube defects (NTDs) 16-16a Folic acid consumption Breastfeeding Highlighted Objectives Getting worse 16-4 Maternal mortality 16-9 Cesarean births 16-10a Low birthweight 16-11a Preterm births No trend data Service systems for special health care needs

Obj. 16-1c Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 live births Target: 4.5 Decrease desired American Indian Black Total Hispanic Asian White Note: Includes all deaths <1 year. American Indian includes Alaska Native. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. For , infant deaths are classified by their race as reported on the death certificate. For , infant deaths are classified by race of mother. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC.

Obj. 16-1c Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 live births Target: 4.5 Decrease desired American Indian Black Total Hispanic Asian White Black White Rate per 1,000 live births Note: Includes all deaths <1 year. American Indian includes Alaska Native. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. For , infant deaths are classified by their race as reported on the death certificate. For , infant deaths are classified by race of mother. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC.

Congenital anomalies Short gestation/ low birthweight § Maternal pregnancy complications SIDS 5 Leading Causes of Infant Death*, 2004 *Includes all deaths <1 year. § Not elsewhere classified. Note: SIDS represents “Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.” SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC. Unintentional injuries Number (thousands) A re-analysis of cause of death data indicates that 37% of infant deaths are due to preterm-related causes of death. (20%) (17%) (8%) (6%) (4%)

Spina Bifida and Other NTDs § Per 10,000 live births 2010 Target: 3 Decrease desired Baseline data Recommended Daily Intake of Folic Acid * Most recent data Percent Target: 80 Obj & 16-16a Recommended Daily Intake of Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects Increase desired *Proportion of non pregnant women aged years getting ≥400µg of folic acid per day from supplements and fortified foods. § New cases among live births and fetal deaths at greater than 20 weeks gestation. SOURCE: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NCHS, CDC and National Birth Defects Prevention Network, NCBDDD, CDC.

32-36 weeks Preterm Births, 2004 Percent of live births Note: American Indian includes Alaska Native. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC. Obj a, b, & c 2010 Target Total preterm births: 7.6 TotalAsianWhiteHispanicAmerican Indian Black <32 weeks Decrease desired weeks Percent of live births <32 weeks

White Hispanic Percent of live births Low birthweight (<2500 grams) American Indian AsianBlack Low and Very Low Birthweight Infants, 2004 Obj a & b Decrease desired 2010 Target: Target: 5 Very low birthweight (<1500 grams) = 95% confidence interval. Note: American Indian includes Alaska Native. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), CDC, NCHS. Total Low Birthweight (<2500 grams) Percent of live births Very low birthweight (<1500 grams)

SIDS deaths Infants put to sleep on their backs Per 100,000 live births Percent SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC and National Infant Sleep Position Study, NICHD, NIH. Obj. 16-1h & SIDS deaths 2010 Target: 23 Sleep position 2010 Target: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Sleep Position

Obj Rate per 100,000 live births Decrease desired Target: 4.3 Maternal Mortality, 2004 Total Hispanic Asian White Black <20 years years years years 35 years and over = 95% confidence interval. Note: Data for the American Indian and Alaska Native population are statistically unreliable and are suppressed. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), CDC, NCHS.

Obj. 16-9a Percent 2010 Target: 15 Decrease desired * Among women with no prior cesarean birth, a low-risk pregnancy is defined as one with a full-term (at least 37 weeks gestation) singleton (not a multiple pregnancy), with vertex presentation (head facing in a downward position in the birth canal). SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC. First Cesarean Births Among Low-Risk Pregnancies*

Percent * Among women with a prior cesarean birth, a low-risk pregnancy is defined as one with a full-term (at least 37 weeks gestation) singleton (not a multiple pregnancy), with vertex presentation (head facing in a downward position in the birth canal). SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), NCHS, CDC. Repeat Cesarean Births Among Low-Risk Pregnancies* 2010 Target: 63 Decrease desired Obj. 16-9b

Obj. 16-6a Percent Total American Indian Black Hispanic Asian White < 15 years years years years years 35+ years Less than high school High school At least some college = 95% confidence interval. Note: American Indian includes Alaska Native. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. Excludes estimates for ID, FL, KY, NH, NY (not inc. NYC), PA, SC, TN, and WA. Data by education level are for mothers aged 20 years and over. Data for 2003 exclude PA and WA. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), CDC, NCHS. Increase desired Prenatal Care Beginning in First Trimester, Target: 90 84

Obj. 16-6a Percent Total American Indian Black Hispanic Asian White < 15 years years years years years 35+ years Less than high school High school At least some college = 95% confidence interval. Note: American Indian includes Alaska Native. Asian includes Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. Excludes estimates for ID, FL, KY, NH, NY (not inc. NYC), PA, SC, TN, and WA. Data by education level are for mothers aged 20 years and over. Data for 2003 exclude PA and WA. SOURCE: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), CDC, NCHS. Increase desired Prenatal Care Beginning in First Trimester, Target: Percent of live births

At 6 months 40 Percent Obj a, b, c 0 At 12 months Increase desired 2010 Target: 75 Any Breastfeeding Ever Target: Target: = 95% confidence interval. Note: Any breastfeeding is defined by breastmilk as at least one of the types of milk an infant was fed. Data are presented by birth year. SOURCE: National Immunization Survey (NIS), CDC, NCIRD and NCHS.

Obj e Percent = 95% confidence interval. Note: Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as no food or drink other than breastmilk. Data are presented by birth year. Native Hawaiian includes other Pacific Islander. American Indian includes Alaska Native. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. Respondents were asked to select one or more races. Data for races shown are not mutually exclusive. SOURCE: National Immunization Survey (NIS), CDC, NCIRD and NCHS. Increase desired Exclusive Breastfeeding Through 6 Months, Total Black American Indian Hispanic White Native Hawaiian Asian Less than high school High school Some college College graduate 2010 Target: 17

Obj c Median Age (Months) Note: The data are for children aged 8 years of age in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. SOURCE: Metropolitan Atlanta Development Disabilities Surveillance Program (MADDSP), CDC, NCBDDD. Decrease desired Age at Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Metropolitan Atlanta, Total White Black Hispanic Female Male 2010 Target: 66 0 Median age (months) n=91 n=71 n=10 n=27 n=153 n=180

Percent Increase desired 35 Total 2 or more races American Indian Hispanic Black Asian White Native Hawaiian Poor Near poor Middle/high income 2010 Target: 100 Children With Special Health Care Needs Who Have Comprehensive Care Systems*, 2001 Obj *Proportion of children under 18 years of age with special health care needs who receive their care in family-centered, comprehensive, and coordinated systems. Note: American Indian includes Alaska Native. Native Hawaiian includes other Pacific Islander. The categories black and white exclude persons of Hispanic origin. Persons of Hispanic origin may be any race. SOURCE: National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, CDC, NCHS and HRSA, MCHB

Status of Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Objectives Target met or exceeded Improving Little or no change* Getting worse No trend data (baseline only) Dropped at midcourse Retained as developmental * Percent of targeted change achieved is between -10% and 10%.

Summary Improvements in infant mortality have stalled as preterm births and low birth weight have increased. Cesarean deliveries have continued to increase over the past decade, and maternal mortality has not improved. Major racial and ethnic disparities persist. Breastfeeding rates have improved, but long-term and exclusive breastfeeding rates remain low. Improvements in rates of sudden infant death syndrome and neural tube defects have corresponded with public health interventions.

Progress review data and slides are available on the web at: