Nationalism in Latin America HWH UNIT 5 CHAPTER 8.3
Review of Latin American Society Peninsulares: those born in Europe Held all government positions Creoles: American-born Spaniards Resented Peninsulares Mestizos: of both Native American and European heritage Mulattoes: of both African and European heritage
Impact of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, and Napoleon Creoles identified with the Enlightenment Simón Bolívar French Revolutionary ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity inspired change Napoleon’s invasion of Spain Creoles saw weakened Spain as an opportunity for independence
Haiti Gains Independence Toussaint L’Ouverture Slave Revolt, 1791 Napoleon attacks, 1802 L’Ouverture captured Haitian Independence, 1820
Mexican Independence Father Miguel Hidalgo The “Cry of Dolores”, 1810 Rallied poor mestizos and Native Americans Uprising failed Hidalgo executed No Creole support
Mexican Independence Father José Morelos Mestizo priest Led a revolt calling for social change in 1815 Captured and killed Revolt in Spain, 1820 Agustín de Iturbide leads Mexico to independence Emperor Agustín I Mexico becomes a republic in 1824
South American Independence Simón Bolívar “The Liberator” Liberated Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia Failed to create a “Gran Colombia” Civil wars followed José de San Martín Joined with Bolívar Liberated Argentina and Peru
Brazilian Independence When Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal, the royal family fled to Brazil Dom Pedro becomes Emperor