Evaluating screening and brief intervention in a criminal justice setting Adrian Barton & Greta Squire School of Law and Social Science University of Plymouth

Alcohol: culture and economics In the UK, alcohol is: Readily available and being consumed in increasing quantities 66.5% of the population drink alcohol at least once a week Inexpensive relative to average incomes Socially acceptable

Alcohol: an emergent problem? The problems excessive alcohol use carries in terms of health, public order and loss of productivity (£15.4 billion p.a. combined costs) High levels of use and misuse amongst the young Some recent public policy initiatives include:Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships statutory duty to have an alcohol strategy Primary Care Trusts will need to include alcohol in their joint strategic needs assessment. PSA to have alcohol targets in terms of health and public order

Screening and brief intervention Works on opportunistic contacts with non- treatment seeking individuals Drinking scored as hazardous; harmful; dependent ‘reducing alcohol consumption among people with comparatively mild problems results in much greater reduction of alcohol related harm…than simply reducing problems amongst severely dependent’ (Alcohol Concern 2007)

Screening and brief intervention Works on opportunistic contacts with non- treatment seeking individuals Drinking scored as hazardous; harmful; dependent ‘reducing alcohol consumption among people with comparatively mild problems results in much greater reduction of alcohol related harm…than simply reducing problems amongst severely dependent’ (Alcohol Concern 2007)

SBI in a criminal justice context Innovative and groundbreaking project Provides contact with those whose drinking has often contributed to anti-social and/or criminal behavior Arrest and detention can be the catalyst for change At least promotes an awareness of alcohol consumption in those screened

SBI: the Charles Cross Custody Project Started on the 7 th March 2007 for 12 months. Funded through Devon and Cornwall Police and DAT Employs 3 specialist alcohol workers and draw on services from 15 trained police officers. Aims of project are to engage and screen at least 7 detainees per day within a target time of five minutes.

Methods Both quantitative and qualitative data used. Quantitative – SBI forms Qualitative – observation of meetings, interview of police and alcohol workers, observation of SBI within custody suite. More in-depth interviews will be carried out on detainees that have had an intervention.

Findings. Demographics and Throughputs Overview of Alcohol Use Offence Type and Demographics Offending and Alcohol Use

Throughputs The project workers so far have completed 2470 forms between the dates of 7 th March 2007 – 31 st December On average 9 detainees have been seen each day. On average completion of the AUDIT process took 5.49 minutes. The most used form of intervention has been a mixture of advice and leaflets. With only 0.9% being referred.

Demographics 84.5% were male and 15.4% were female. 96.6% of those detainees were classified as White European. Age rangePercentage of detainees seen % % % % % % % %

Overview of Alcohol Use Alcohol use scores by age group Low Risk Drinking 24.6%33.8%42.5%38.2%43.6%35.6%27.9%34.0% Medium Risk Hazardous drinking 36.1%34.7%32.6%31.5%18.2%27.6%26.2%41.5% High Risk Harmful Drinking 14.6%10.7%8.8%6.6%8.5%6.9%4.9%9.4% Dependent Drinking 24.6%21.0%16.1%23.7%29.7%29.9%41.0%15.1%

Overview of Alcohol Use How Often six or more units are consumed on one occasion Never Less than monthly Monthly Weekly Daily

Offence type and demographics 52.7% of year olds were detained for violent offences. 60.5% of year olds were detained for public order offences. 62.8% for criminal damage.

Offending and alcohol use

Employment Status

Concluding thoughts Project impact to date: Informed Plymouth BCU Violent crime Steering Group policy Informed CDRP policy Integral to targeted alcohol reduction campaigns aimed at specific groups Informing drug and alcohol agencies development plans At least partly responsible for a rise in demand for tier 2 & 3 alcohol services