Nationalism in Europe Section 1: The Unification of Italy Section 2: The Unification of Germany Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary

The Unification of Italy Objectives: Describe the events that led to nationalistic movements for unification in Italy. Identify the important leaders in the fight for the unification of Italy. Explain the problems Italy faced after unification.

Liberals and Nationalists in Italy Risorgimento Italian word for resurgence Goals were liberation and unification Had to form secret societies Carbonari – lead to Young Italy movement Young Italy movement Wanted a republic to rule Italy Not a Pope or King Revolts in several Italian states failed King Victor Emmanuel II supported Liberals

Sardinia, France, and Austria Cavour’s Sardinia Reorganized and strengthened army Established banks, factories, railroads and improved trade Cavour believed in separation of church and state Napoléon III French emperor Wanted France to dominate Italian states Was given a few Italian states to avoid war (video) War with Austria Cavour and Napoléon conspired against Austria Neither won dominance

Garibaldi and the Thousand Two Sicilies Garibaldi and his army invaded and captured Sicily and Naples Stopped by Cavour As a result Sardinia controlled most of Italian states Garibaldi was highly respected so the King made him governor of Naples Video

Unification and its Problems Cultural traditions Blending of different cultures and different histories into one nation Tensions between industrialized north and agricultural south

The Unification of Germany Objectives: Explain how Prussia replaced Austria as the leading German state in Europe. Identify the ways in which German unification differed from Italian unification. Describe the changes in German government that occurred as a result of

Prussia as Leader Large army Efficient government Strong economy Defeated French at Leipzig and Waterloo Efficient government Joined the Quadruple Alliance Strong economy German nationalism Prussia was included in the German Confederation by the Congress of Vienna

The Zollverein Junkers were German aristocratic landowners Complained about tariffs Zollverein was a customs union Controlled tariffs Adopted uniform: Weights Measures Currency

Bismarck and Prussian Strength William I became King of Prussia Appointed Otto von Bismarck as head of Prussian cabinet Collected taxes without approval Ignored constitution

Wars of Unification The Danish War The Seven Weeks’ War Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark over new Danish constitution New constitution annexed two independent and mostly German provinces Prussia and Austria won Caused conflict between the two because each wanted the provinces for themselves The Seven Weeks’ War Caused by argument over provinces between Prussia and Austria Prussia was efficient and used modern technology Ended with Treaty of Prague Started the North German Federation The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provoked war with the French and defeated them

         1866 - Kingdom of Prussia               1866 - Annexations after the Seven Weeks War 1867 - Extensions towards forming the North German Confederation 1871 - More extensions towards forming the Second German Empire                                                                                                                                                                 

Formation of the German Empire Included all German states except Austria Prussian Berlin became capital William I declared Emperor Named Bismarck chancellor Accepted a federal constitution where states kept some rights Called the Emperor the Kaiser Bundesrat and Reichstag Made up legislative branch of new government Prussian king ruled Germany and had most representatives in legislature

Opposition to Bismarck Objectives: Explain the problems Bismarck faced as chancellor of the German Empire. Describe how Germany became industrialized under Bismarck’s leadership. Identify the factors that led to the decline of Bismarck’s power as chancellor.

Problems for the Empire Political groups opposed Bismarck’s policies Tension between Prussia and other German states Kulturkampf Anti-Catholic program Ended so Bismarck could gain support of Centre Party

Industrial Development under Bismarck Standardized money and banking laws Centralized postal and telegraph services Encouraged cartels A monopoly that owns all of the aspects of the business

Socialism in Germany Workers wanted decent working conditions Social Democratic Party Most were urban workers Twelve members of Reichstag Opposed by Bundesrat

Bismarck’s Antisocialist Campaign Assassination attempts on the Emperor gave Bismarck his opportunity to attack SDP Event though he knew they were not responsible for the attempts Government-directed social reforms Did not end socialism Reduced workers’ grievances

The Resignation of Bismarck William II Conservative Absolute authority of monarch Accepted Bismarck’s resignation Felt Bismarck had too much power New policies eventually lead to conflict with Great Britain

Reform and Revolution in Russia Objectives: Explain the geographical and cultural factors that made Russia different from the rest of Europe. Describe the characteristics of Russian domestic and foreign policies. Identify the reform movements that occurred in Russia and their results.

The Russian Empire Undeveloped resources Lack of ports Efforts to win access caused conflicts with Ottoman Empire Diversity of population

Russian Domestic and Foreign Policies Czar had absolute power Autocracy Suppressed freedom of speech and press “Russification” Forced non-Russian citizens to adopt Russian customs Pan-Slavism Union of all Slavic peoples under Russian control Southward expansion led to defeat in the Crimean War Lost a great amount of territory in the south

Alexander II and Reforms Emancipation for the serfs Moved to cities and became cheap sources of labor Alexander II’s other reforms Provincial and county-level councils Civil and criminal courts Limited power of secret police Expanded education Reorganized military

Radicals and Government Reaction Terrorist attacks Group called People’s Will Used bombings and assassinations by political groups Eventually killed Alexander II with a bomb (video) Succeeded by Alexander III Time of repression Censorship Control of church and education Spies and informers Imprisonment Massacred Jew is pogroms Exile

The Revolution of 1905 “Bloody Sunday” October Manifesto Czar’s troops shot unarmed strikers Mutinies in army and navy Video October Manifesto Czar called a meeting of the Duma (congress) Promised individual liberties Autocracy continued Failed to overthrow czar Much of the army remained loyal to Czar French lent money to government Revolutionary groups were divided

Unrest in Austria-Hungary Objectives: Explain what led to the formation of the Dual Monarchy and what problems it faced. Describe how the decline of the Ottoman Empire affected European politics. Discuss how ethnic clashes in southern Europe set the stage for a showdown among the major powers.

Results of the Uprisings Revolts in France started revolts all over Europe Austria Metternich resigned after revolts Magyars dominated Hungary, which was a major part of empire

Formation of the Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary Had common ruler: Francis Joseph I Had ministries for: War Finance Foreign affairs Each had own parliament

The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans Military defeats decreased territory Diverse peoples in Balkans desired and won self-rule Russia supported Balkan independence Great Britain supported suppression of self-rule

The Congress of Berlin and the Balkan Wars Treaty of Stefano Granted independence to several Balkan territories Balkan League Balkan nations who united to declare war on Ottoman Empire Balkans won but fought a second war over division of lands