BIOLOGY TAKS EXAM STUDY GUIDE OBJECTIVE 3 UNDERSTANDING THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

OBJECTIVE 4C – COMPARE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF VIRUSES TO CELLS AND DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF VIRUSES IN CAUSING DISEASES AND CONDITIONS SUCH AS ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME, COMMON COLDS, SMALLPOX, INFLUENZA, AND WARTS

VIRUSES NOT CONSIDERED LIVING THINGS SINCE CAN’T REPRODUCE ON THEIR OWN – NEED A HOST CELL ARE SMALLER THAN BACTERIA

REPRODUCTION OF VIRUSES CAUSING INFECTION VIRAL DNA IS INJECTED INTO THE CELL CAUSING THE CELL TO MAKE VIRUSES WHICH EVENTUALLY LEADS TO DEATH OF THE CELL

OBJECTIVE 4D – IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN MAINTAINING HEALTH SUCH AS IN CAUSING DISEASES SUCH AS IN STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS AND DIPTHERIA

BACTERIA SOME CAN BE HARMFUL BY CAUSING INFECTIONS, TOOTH DECAY, ACNE, FOOD SPOILAGE…

SOME BACTERIA CAN BE BENEFICIAL DECOMPOSERS OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SOIL HELP ABSORB NUTRIENTS IN THE INTESTINE PRODUCE FOODS - YOGURT, CHEESE, PICKLES,... USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING TO PRODUCE DRUGS LIKE INSULIN

OBJECTIVE 7A- IDENTIFY EVIDENCE IN CHANGE IN SPECIES USING FOSSILS, DNA SEQUENCES, ANATOMICAL SIMILARITIES, PHYSIOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES, AND EMBRYOLOGY

FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOSSILS GIVE EVIDENCE THAT EVOLUTION HAS OCCURRED BY SHOWING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANISMS FROM THE PAST AND PRESENT DAY ORGANISMS

DNA EVIDENCE SHOWS SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LIVING ORGANISMS

ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES SIMILAR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF STRUCTURES ARE EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

EMBRYOLOGY SIMILARITIES ARE ALSO EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

OBJECTIVE 7B – ILLUSTRATE THE RESULTS OF NATURAL SELECTION IN SPECIATION, DIVERSITY, PHYLOGENY, ADAPTATION, BEHAVIOR, AND EXTINCTION

POPULATIONS CHANGE OVER TIME AS THEY ADAPT TO THE ENVIRONMENT NATURAL SELECTION IS THE PROCESS OF THE SURVIVAL, REPRODUCTION, AND PASSING ON OF THE TRAITS OF THOSE THAT ARE MOST FIT IN AN ENVIRONMENT “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

INHERITED TRAIT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC THAT IS PASSED TO THE NEXT GENERATION IN GENES SOME ARE MORE FAVORABLE THAN OTHERS EX. - WHITE FUR IN WINTER AS OPPOSED TO BROWN

OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME AND MANY GENERATIONS, NATURAL SELECTION PRODUCES A CHANGE IN THE POPULATION. THIS CHANGE OCCURS BECAUSE THE GENETIC MAKE-UP OF THE POPULATION HAS CHANGED. NOW EVOLUTION HAS TAKEN PLACE.

POPULATIONS EVOLVE... NOT INDIVIDUALS NATURAL SELECTION CAN LEAD TO DIVERSITY IN A SPECIES OR EVOLUTION OF A NEW SPECIES AS TWO POPULATIONS BECOME ISOLATED AND EVOLVE INDEPENDENTLY OF EACH OTHER TO THE POINT THAT THEY CAN’T INTERBREED ANYMORE. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED SPECIATION

OBJECTIVE 9D – ANALYZE THE FLOW OF MATTER AND ENERGY THROUGH DIFFERENT TROPHIC LEVELS AND BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIVE SYSTEM INCLUDING: ABIOTIC FACTORS - TEMPERATURE, SOIL, AIR,... – NONLIVING THINGS BIOTIC FACTORS - PLANTS, ANIMALS, FUNGI, BACTERIA,... – LIVING THINGS

WHAT DETERMINES HOW MANY ORGANISMS LIVE IN AN ECOSYSTEM? LIMITING FACTORS PREVENT POPULATION FROM INCREASING PAST A CERTAIN POINT

MAXIMUM POPULATION OF A SPECIES THAT AN ECOSYSTEM CAN SUPPORT IS ITS CARRYING CAPACITY

IN AN ECOSYSTEM, ENERGY FLOWS IN ONE DIRECTION: SUN PRODUCERSCONSUMERS

ENERGY CAN NOT BE RECYCLED.

FOOD CHAIN ORGANISMS IN EACH LEVEL CAN STORE ABOUT 10% OF THE ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM WHAT IT EATS. 90% IS USED BY THE ORGANISM OR LOST AS HEAT OR UNDIGESTED FOOD.

ENERGY PYRAMID SHOWS THE ENERGY STORED AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL (FEEDING LEVEL)

MATTER CYCLES IN AN ECOSYSTEM THROUGH BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

CARBON CYCLE CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean

THE NITROGEN CYCLE N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 - and NO 2 -

OBJECTIVE 12B – INTERPRET INTERACTIONS AMONG ORGANISMS EXHIBITING PREDATION, PARASITISM, COMMENSALISM, AND MUTUALISM

PREDATION – PREDATOR CAPTURES AND FEEDS ON ANOTHER ORGANISM (PREY)

THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS

MUTUALISM – BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT

Clown fish are protected by the sea anemonies which Harm the fish’s predators and the clown fish cleans the sea anemonies by eating the detritous

2. COMMENSALISM – ONE SPECIES BENEFITS AND THE OTHER ISN’T HELPED OR HARMED

In rainforests there are plants called epiphytes that do not grow in the soil, but rather grow on top of other plants. The host tree is not really affected one way or the other by the presence of the epiphyte, but the epiphyte gets a place to live. Birds that nest in trees get a place to live, and it doesn't bother the tree much either way unless the bird is a woodpecker!

3. PARASITISM – ONE SPECIES IS HELPED AND THE OTHER IS HARMED

OBJECTIVE 12E – INVESTIGATE AND EXPLAIN THE INTERACTIONS IN AN ECOSYSTEM INCLUDING FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEBS, AND FOOD PYRAMIDS

FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS SHOW HOW POPULATIONS OF ORGANISMS RELATE TO OTHER POPULATIONS IN AN ECOSYSTEM FOOD CHAIN

FOOD WEB - CONNECTED FOOD CHAINS ARROWS POINT FROM WHAT IS EATEN TO WHAT EATS IT! (CONSUMED TO CONSUMER)

ENERGY PYRAMIDS SHOWS AMOUNT OF ENERGY OR MATTER WITHIN EACH TROPHIC LEVEL Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.

… HOWEVER, THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS!!! USUALLY PYRAMIDS OF NUMBERS AND BIOMASS DECREASE AS YOU MOVE UP THE TROPHIC LEVELS, …

OBJECTIVE 13A – EVALUATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

HOW HAVE PLANTS ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENTS? ROOTS - ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS ANCHOR AND PROVIDE SUPPORT PRODUCE GROWTH HORMONES

STEMS - SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK FOR PLANT SYSTEM OF VASCULAR TISSUE: PHLOEM - CARRIES FOOD XYLEM - CARRIES WATER AND NUTRIENTS

LEAVES - MAIN ORGANS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS WATER AND CARBON DIOXIDE CARBOHYDRATES(GLUCOSE) AND OXYGEN (MESOPHYLL) (PHLOEM & XYLEM)

SPECIAL PLANT ADAPTATIONS: PROTECTION AND DEFENSE WATER AND NUTRIENT STORAGE CLOSING OF STOMATES DURING THE DAY TO PREVENT WATER LOSS

EXAMPLE - PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS MODIFIED STEM FOR WATER STORAGE MODIFIED LEAVES FOR DEFENSIVE SPINES SHALLOW ROOTS TO QUICKLY ABSORB WATER

WHY ARE PLANTS IMPORTANT? FOOD SUPPLY PROVIDE USEFUL PRODUCTS - WOOD, PAPER, CLOTHING, MEDICINES,...

IMPORTANT SOURCE OF ENERGY AND FUEL

CONVERT ENERGY FROM SUN TO A FORM ANIMALS CAN USE (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)