AfricaRISING – Quick Feeds Livelihoods Stratification for Bekoji District Peter Thorne and Amare Haileslassie Africa-RISING Quick Feed Project Synthesis Workshop, Addis Ababa, 3-4 September 2012

Hypotheses  Households stratified by livelihood endowments access and manage feed resources in different ways.  More robust development outcomes will result from identifying practises that are transferable amongst strata and augmenting these with “external” innovations that target constraints and opportunities relevant to each stratum.

Limu Bilbilo District BokoJi Negeso The Project Site

Stratifications  Existing: Three communities (Chefa Woligal, Mirti Laman and Tulu Negeso)  Livelihoods benchmarking: Top 25% versus bottom 25% (in terms of livelihood asset endowments)  Extracted typology based on livelihoods: use all the livelihoods indicators to identify similar households

Why do we Stratify?  In any community, not everyone is the same!  Different people face different problems and are able to respond to different opportunities  We stratify to identify groups of people whose circumstances are similar enough for them to share common solutions

Livelihoods Capital Assets  Human (traits of individuals or groups)  Social (interactions amongst individuals or groups)  Natural (the resource base)  Physical (infrastructure and physical tools)  Financial (sources of cash)

Livelihoods Process  Five / six key informants from each community  Introduction of concepts  Each community identifies relevant indicators (group discussions)  Prepare checklist of 50 combined indicators  49 household livelihood statuses assessed by individual interview

Mirti LamanTulu NegesoChefa WoligalCombined 1. Education1. Strong family ties 1.Family sizeLevel of education 2. Motivation2. knowledge / skills 2. EducationDegree of motivation 3. Confidence3. Education3. Age (dominant age group) Level of confidence in own abilities 4. Training4. Health4. Gender mixProportion of productive family members 5. Age of family5. Family size5. MotivationAccess to training and new technologies 6. Special skills (e.g. carpenter) 6. Age mixPossession of special skills (e.g. thatching / carpentery) 7. ExperiencePossession of farming knowledge and skills 8. Gender mix in family Level of experience acquired Health status of family Family size Ratio of males to females in family Example Indicators (Human Capital)

Benchmark Stratification Land area (ha) Non-crop land (ha) Livestock units Large : small ruminants Productive family members High Medium Low Three groups extracted with high, medium and low average livelihood status

Community Benchmarks

Most Important Dimensions of Livelihoods

Financial Capital Indicators Income from cropping Income from livestock Off-farm income High Medium Low

Human Capital Indicators Farming skills Other skills ConfidenceMales : females Productive family members High Medium Low

Social Capital Indicators Shared knowledge and skills Quality of community leadership Status in community Idder member High Medium Low

Natural Capital Indicators Access to forest Access to grazing Feed availability Improved livestock breeds High Medium Low

Vulnerability Access to feedAvailability of grazing CurrentFive years time CurrentFive years time High Medium Low Income from livestock CurrentFive years time High Medium Low

Principal Components Key Differences Amongst Households

Principal Components (Natural Capital)  General access to natural resources  Contribution of rain-fed crop production  Strength of the livestock resource base (numbers, breeds)  Enabling environment for livestock production (feeds, health status, off- farm biomass)

Principal Components (Financial Capital)  Overall financial well-being  Access to credit and savings  Off-farm income

Principal Components (Human Capital)  Broad impact of human capital assets  Education  Experience and general motivation  Health and confidence. Enabling qualities.

Principal Components (Social Capital)  Cooperation and sharing  Trust and reciprocity  Leadership / external influences?  Personal status and links with immediate neighbours

Principal Components (Physical Capital)  Infrastructure; markets, transports and electricity.  Agricultural technologies: implements and milling.  Other technologies: telephone and radio.

Cluster Analysis

What are the Cluster Groups? Land area (ha) Non-crop land (ha) Livestock units Large : small ruminants Family size Group Group Group Group

Cluster Group Benchmarks