DNA in the Cell Inside the nucleus are ______________, which house DNA Chromosome  made from _____________________. Coils DNA so it can ____________ into a cell Each chromosome consists of __________________ called ____________________ Center of the chromosome is called the ___________

Number & Types of Chromosomes Sex chromosomes determine the sex of an organism XX = _____________ XY = _____________ All other chromosomes are called _______________ Homologous Chromosomes Each organism gets _________ of each autosome;___from mom and ___ from dad (___ total) chromosomes; ______ pairs in humans)Each organism gets _________ of each autosome;___from mom and ___ from dad (___ total) chromosomes; ______ pairs in humans) Each 2 paired chromosomes are called _____________________chromosomesEach 2 paired chromosomes are called _____________________chromosomes Homologous chromosomes carry ___________ for the ______________________Homologous chromosomes carry ___________ for the ______________________

Homologous Chromosomes

Diploid & Haploid Cells Diploid Cells  Cells with _____copies of each chromosome Haploid Cells  Cells with ______ copy of each chromosome Most cells in the body are ________________ Sex cells (sperm & egg) are _________________

Diploid & Haploid Cells

Why Do Cells Divide? 1.Get _________________ (take in more nutrients than they can metabolize) 2._____________________ Need replacement 3.Surface to volume ratio; _______________ volume, _______________________________ When do cells divide? Depends on the ____________________ (days, weeks, months, some never divide) Cell Cycle  Cells will _________________________

Cell Division in Prokaryotes Prokaryote  _________________________________ Binary Fission  _________________, cell doubles in size and _________________

Stages of Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes Interphase  Growth Phase G1(Gap 1)  rapid ___________________ + synthesis of organellesG1(Gap 1)  rapid ___________________ + synthesis of organelles S (Synthesis)  Replication _________________S (Synthesis)  Replication _________________ G2 (Gap 2) -> Formation of ________________ + preparation for _______________G2 (Gap 2) -> Formation of ________________ + preparation for _______________ Mitosis  DNA, which has been replicated needs to be _________________ to each new cell

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin _________ (chromosomes) & nucleus __________ Spindle fibers (microtubules) ________& move chromosomes Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the ______________________ Anaphase Centromeres divide and sister ______________________ Chromatids move ______________________________ Telophase Chromosomes arrive at _______________________________ Nucleus ____________________ Spindle ____________________ Cell splits (_________________)

Stages of Mitosis

Cytokinesis Animal Cell  _________________ pinches one cell into 2 cells Plant Cell  ______________ makes new cell wall; _________________

Mitosis Animation

Additional Mitosis Vocabulary G 0 Phase  Cell is neither _____________________ Centrioles  Ropes that ________________ around the cell

Difference Between Plant Cell & Animal Cell Mitosis Plant cells are surrounded by a tough outer case called a __________________Plant cells are surrounded by a tough outer case called a __________________ Animal cells are surrounded by a soft outer case called a ________________________Animal cells are surrounded by a soft outer case called a ________________________ The first __________ of mitosis in plant and animal cells are the sameThe first __________ of mitosis in plant and animal cells are the sameTelophase Animal Cell  Formation of a __________________________ Plant Cell  Formation of ________

Meiosis Vocabulary Diploid Cells  cells with _________________ of chromosome (___ from mom and _____ from dad) n= number of ____ of chromosomes Diploid Cells = _____ Zygote = ________________ Gametes= __________ sex cells Fertilization= union of _________________ Sexual Reproduction  Parents generate __________________________

Meiosis Getting from diploid to haploid cells: _______________ Where does it occur in humans? Males  _____________ Females  __________

Meiosis Overview Meiosis I Diploid cells splits into ___Diploid cells splits into ______________________ Meiosis II 2 haploid daughter cells 2 haploid daughter cells______________________ Forms ___________ sex cellsForms ___________ sex cells Same as _____________Same as _____________

Meiosis I Prophase I Homologous chromosomes pair together (called ____________________) Each homologous pair of chromosomes is called a ___________________ Some ______________________ break off and attach to adjacent homologous chromatids (_________________________________) Crossing Over creates new genetic combinations Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes line up in the _________________ of the cell Anaphase I Homologous ______________________ move to opposite poles of the cell Random separation of homologous chromosomes is called Independent Assortment Telophase I Chromosomes reach opposite ____________________ of the cell _______________________ begins

Meiosis I

Meiosis II 2 ____________________ go through the process of mitosis & cell division End result of meiosis II is ______________________ Gamete Formation In males meiosis creates _____ sperm cells (called ______________________) In females the cytoplasm is ___________ divided so that only ____ big cell is formed, along with _____ other ____________________

Meiosis II

Meiosis Animation