Unit 5 Part 2: CANCER – CELLS GONE WILD! The summary color on the following slides is red; vocabulary words are underlined! Adapted from PPt by Karobi Moitra (Ph.D) NCI Frederick , NIH Cancer Inflammation Program Human Genetics Section Frederick MD.

Dreams I look to the sky and what do I see? A castle, a rainbow, and dreams for me, An end to this battle that I must fight, To rid my feelings of depression and fright, An end to cancer is not far away, It will be here someday... someday. ~ Anonymous Has cancer ever touched your life? Turn and talk with your neighbor.

Animation 1 - What is Cancer? Image http://breakthroughs.cityofhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/lung-cancer.jpg

Earliest Mention of Cancer 1600 BC The earliest written description of cancer known to exist is an ancient Egypt papyrus. It describes eight cases of breast tumors or ulcers. Papyrus Interactive Link Image http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/AncientEgyptianMummy-Antjau-CloseUp-ROM.png

Origin of The Word “Cancer” The origin of the word cancer is credited to the Greek physician Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.), considered the "Father of Medicine." Hippocrates used the terms "carcinos" and carcinoma to describe tumors. In Greek, these words refer to "crab", most likely applied to the disease because the finger-like spreading projections from cancer called to mind the shape of a crab. "Hippocrates Examining an Animal Skull." History of Modern Science and Mathematics. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. Science in Context. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

Origin Cont. The Roman physician, Celsus (25-50 B.C.), later translated the Greek term into "cancer", the Latin word for crab. Image https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus.jpg

Origin Cont. Galen (A.D. 129-216), another Greek physician, used the word "oncos" (Greek for swelling) to describe tumors. Galen's term is now used as a part of the name for cancer specialists -- oncologists. http://www.galen.org/assets/galen.png Image

Cancer & the Cell Cycle During the cell cycle, there is a complicated series of checkpoints to ensure that everything is going according to plan. When something happens to the genes for these “checkpoints”, cancer can develop.

Cancer is a group of related diseases which are characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and division. Fourth or later mutation Third mutation Second First Cell Suicide or Apoptosis Cell damage— no repair

Cancerous cells divide when they should not divide and they lack the normal control systems to shut off unwanted cell division. Animation 2

Image http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v4/n9/images/nrc1430-f3.jpg Turn and talk with your neighbor about the photographs on the screen – what do you see are clear differences between the normal cells in A and the cancerous cells in B and C. R

Cell death = Cell growth

In most cases, cancer forms a cell mass called a tumor. Lung Carcinoma Image http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lung_cancer.jpg Breast Mammogram Image http://cdn.sheknows.com/filter/l/gallery/mammogram_breast_cancer_tumor.jpg R

Types of Tumors Benign tumor – has restricted growth and tends to remain in one area. EX wart. Malignant tumor - does not remain localized but invades other tissue and gives rise to secondary tumors in other parts of the body (metastasis). R

What is Metastasis? Metastasis – when a cancer travels to different parts of the body, usually through the blood stream R

Causes of Cancer Carcinogen - substances and exposures that can lead to cancer Radiation – including the sun Alcohol Engine exhaust Tobacco smoke Certain chemicals Cancer can also be caused by random mutations and exposure to certain viruses. R

Cancer of the Young Turn and talk with your neighbor about the graph and the details on adolescent cancer between 15 and 24 years old. Video Imagehttp://www.cancer.gov/research/progress/snapshots/adolescent-young-adult