The Pulmonary System Chapter 4 Part I: Functional Anatomy
Objectives n Discuss the basic pulmonary structures and their functions n Discuss the processes of ventilation and respiration n Discuss the regulation of breathing and implications for injury or illness
Anatomical Structures n Nasal passage n Oral cavity n Pharynx n Larynx n Trachea n Bronchi n Bronchioles n Alveoli n Capillaries The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation u Mechanics of moving air in and out of the lungs n Respiration u Exchanges O 2 and CO 2 The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation The Pulmonary System F Requires active muscle contraction F Occurs passively
Functions n Ventilation u Inhalation or Inspiration F Requires active muscle contraction The Pulmonary System DiaphragmDiaphragm External intercostalsExternal intercostals Accessory musclesAccessory muscles AbdominalsAbdominals SternocleidomastoidsSternocleidomastoids ScalenesScalenes TrapeziusTrapezius
Functions n Ventilation u Exhalation or Expiration F Occurs passively The Pulmonary System
Functions u Air enters through nasal passage F Warmed F Filtered MucusMucus CiliaCilia The Pulmonary System n Ventilation (Inspiration)
Functions u Air passes through pharynx larynx larynx trachea trachea The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation (Inspiration) u Trachea branches to form R and L bronchi The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation (Inspiration) u Bronchi branch into bronchioles The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation (Inspiration) u Bronchioles terminate into alveoli The Pulmonary System
Functions n Respiration u Alveoli surrounded by network of thin walled capillaries The Pulmonary System
Functions n Respiration u Gas exchange occurs across the thin walls of capillaries and alveoli The Pulmonary System
Functions n Respiration u Gas exchange F O 2 F CO 2 The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation (Expiration) u Air moves back thru pulmonary system to be exhaled The Pulmonary System
Functions n Ventilation (Expiration) u Air moves back through pulmonary system to be exhaled The Pulmonary System
Regulation of Breathing n Central nervous system u Brain F Medulla is sensitive to CO 2 levels in the blood u Inspiratory muscles controlled by phrenic nerve (C3-C5 nerve roots) and cranial nerve XI (sternocleidomastoid) Implications?
Questions?