The Diversity of Life I. An Overview. The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms.

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Presentation transcript:

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms Initially, using a Platonic, typological concept, Linnaeus and others created a nested, hierarchical system.

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms Initially, using a Platonic, typological concept, Linnaeus and others created a nested, hierarchical system. Evolution explained this nested pattern as a consequence of descent from common ancestors.

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms Initially, using a Platonic, typological concept, Linnaeus and others created a nested, hierarchical system. Evolution explained this nested pattern as a consequence of descent from common ancestors. Modern biologists view the classification system as a means of showing the phylogenetic relationships among groups.

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms Initially, using a Platonic, typological concept, Linnaeus and others created a nested, hierarchical system. Evolution explained this nested pattern as a consequence of descent from common ancestors. Modern biologists view the classification system as a means of showing the phylogenetic relationships among groups. Genetic relatedness should be the basic for biological classification... Genus Felis Genus Panthera Family Felidae * *

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms B. Kingdoms

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms B. Kingdoms Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the "Monera" were an incredibly diverse group genetically. Also, one subgroup - the Archea, were more similar to Eukaryotes than to the other group of prokaryotes (the 'Eubacteria').

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying Organisms B. Kingdoms Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the "Monera" were an incredibly diverse group genetically. Also, one subgroup - the Archea, were more similar to Eukaryotes than to the other group of prokaryotes (the 'Eubacteria'). This required a new way of looking at the most fundamental groupings of life - and the introduction of a new term: Domains

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying B. Kingdoms C. Domains

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying B. Kingdoms C. Domains Curiously, the very root of life may be invisible to genetic analysis. Bacteria transfer genes by division (to 'offspring'), but they also transfer genes "laterally" to other living bacteria. This makes reconstructing bacterial phylogenies difficult.

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying B. Kingdoms C. Domains Also, early evolution involved bacterial symbioses and gene sharing between hosts and symbionts

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying B. Kingdoms C. Domains So, reconstructing the patterns of relatedness among these ancient life forms is difficult.

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview A. Classifying B. Kingdoms C. Domains - "Ring of Life" hypothesis (2004)

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.5 bya: Oldest Fossils

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.5 bya: Oldest Fossils Stromatolites - communities of layered 'bacteria'

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen in Atmosphere

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote 0.9 bya: first animals

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote 0.9 bya: first animals 0.5 bya: Cambrian

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote 0.9 bya: first animals 0.5 bya: Cambrian0.24 bya:Mesozoic

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote 0.9 bya: first animals 0.5 bya: Cambrian0.24 bya:Mesozoic0.065 bya:Cenozoic

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote 0.9 bya: first animals 0.5 bya: Cambrian0.24 bya:Mesozoic0.065 bya:Cenozoic 4.5 million to present (1/1000th of earth history)

The Diversity of Life I. An Overview D. Timeline 4.5 bya: Earth Forms4.0 bya: Oldest Rocks3.4 bya: Oldest Fossils bya: Oxygen 1.8 bya: first eukaryote 0.9 bya: first animals 0.5 bya: Cambrian0.24 bya:Mesozoic0.065 bya:Cenozoic 5 million to present for 1/2 of life's history, life was exclusively bacterial.... what were they doing? Spheres, rods, and spirals were all they could come up with?? Let's look...