Chapter 6.3 Biomolecules R

Recall: “Bio” = Life Molecules are made of two or more atoms

So… Biomolecules are large molecules of life (macromolecules), important to life functions

5 important biomolecules Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Enzyme Nucleic Acids

A polymer is a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules, called monomers, bond together. Many polymers can be formed from a reaction called condensation. Polymers can be broken apart by hydrolysis.

Carbohydrates Examples:

Carbohydrates Are made up of: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Monomer: monosaccharide

Carbohydrates Their function is: to store energy! “Carbs” are our primary source of energy

Two monosaccharides make up a disaccharide Many disaccharides make up polysaccharides

2 Monosaccharides make up 1 Disaccharide “mono” = one “di” = two

Many Disaccharides make up a Polysaccharide “di” = two “poly” = many

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all single sugars called “monosaccharides”. They are also considered isomers. Based on the illustrations of the 3 sugars, what do you think an isomer is? (Hint: Count the atoms of each sugar)

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monomer glucose. What are some similarities and differences between these polysaccharides?

Types of Carbohydrates include: Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Cellulose (cell wall)

Starch Made by plants to store energy

Cellulose Made by plants and used for structure

Glycogen Made by animals and used to store energy Mammals use their liver for this job.

Lipids Are made up of: Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) some Oxygen (O) Monomer - fatty acid

Lipids Their function is: protection insulation to store energy

Lipids Example of protection… the cell membrane!

Lipids Example of insulation… blubber!

Lipids Example of energy storage…oil!

Lipids Are insoluble in water (they don’t mix!) and are non-polar

Lipids Examples:

Lipids Saturated, Unsaturated, Polynsaturated…

Question Why doesn’t vegetable oil dissolve in water? Why is detergent necessary to remove oil and grease stains from clothes?

Proteins Are made up of: Amino Acids… 20 different types!! Made up from Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) molecules Monomer - amino acid

Proteins Examples:

Proteins Their function is: to carry out metabolism… which is essential for all life!

Proteins Are linked by peptide bonds

Proteins The number, sequence, and arrangement of the amino acid determines the shape of the protein.

Question There are 20 different amino acids, which are the basic building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom to which a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, an amino group (-NH2), and a variable group (-R) are attached. Circle the part of the amino acid makes each amino acid different.

Enzymes Enzymes are PROTEINS that change the SPEED of chemical reactions!

Enzymes Enzyme activity depends on: Temperature Ionic conditions pH

Enzymes Enzyme are substrate-specific (each enzyme has an active site)

Enzymes Denaturation change in the shape of the protein due to one of these factors

Nucleic Acids Are made up of: Nucleotides Monomer: nucleotide

Nucleic Acids Their function is: to transmit GENETIC information

Nucleic Acids Two types of nucleotides are: DNA or RNA

Nucleic Acids Examples:

Nucleotide A nucleotide consists of 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Simple sugar 3. Phosphate group

Nucleotide The 4 different nitrogenous bases of nucleotides: 1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thymine (Uracil = only in RNA)

Nucleotide The 2 different sugars of nucleotides: Deoxyribose (DNA only) Ribose (RNA only) Phosphate group= PO 4

Question What are the monomers for the following macromolecules? Carbohydrates _______________ Lipids_________________ and _________________ Proteins ___________ _________ Nucleic Acids ________________