What differences in philosophy led to the development of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties? What were the key positions of the parties? What were Adams’ foreign and domestic policies?

What differences in philosophy led to the development of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties? What were the key positions of the parties?

Political parties: a group of people with similar ideas about government Legitimate opposition: a system under which one political party operated and another party opposed able to displace an existing government by peaceful means Sedition: conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch.

The First Political Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans Leader: Alexander Hamilton Leader: Thomas Jefferson Rule by the wealthy class British alliance Strong federal government French alliance Strong state government Rule by the people

“The differences of opinion, and the jarrings of parties in that department of the government, though they may sometimes obstruct salutary plans, yet often promote deliberation and circumspection, and serve to check excesses in the majority.”

Identified with wealthy class Born in the West Indies Strong federal government Virginia born Strong state government Identified with the common people

Election of 1796 The Constitution Says… Two candidates with the most votes become President and Vice President! So….. President Adams and Vice President Jefferson are from different political parties This is changed by Amendment XII (1804)

Create a statement clarifying their assigned party's position on their designated issue using the group handouts and relevant documents Create a slogan based on the position of the party. “The Federalists believe... “ “The Democratic-Republican’s point of view on _______ is…”

The XYZ Affair 1797 France began to seize U.S. ships in response to U.S.–British agreement to stop trade with France. Adams sent three Americans to France to represent a U.S. peace commission. The three were asked to pay a $250,000 bribe in order to speak with French Foreign Minister Charles Maurice Talleyrand. Americans left, insulted and repealed old treaties with France.

Public Opinion toward France Shifts The XYZ affair - Maiden America ravaged by the French 5 members of the Directory in France Britain looking on from on high Rest of the world looking on

Federalists take control Public anger with France strengthens Federalists in congress Win majority of both houses in 1798 Enacted laws that were restrictive to Democratic- Republican rivals What did Washington warn about again?

Naturalization Act What did it do? Increases from five to fourteen number of years required to qualify for U.S. citizenship Why would it favor the Federalists? Most immigrants voted with the Democratic- Republicans

Alien Acts What did it do? Authorized the president to deport any aliens considered to be dangerous Authorized the president to detain any enemy aliens in a time of war Why would it favor the Federalists? Democratic-Republicans sympathetic to the French Revolution

Sedition Act What did it do? Makes it illegal for newspapers to criticize the president or Congress Imposed heavy penalties for editors who violated the new law Fines Imprisonment Why would it favor the Federalists? Protects the acctions Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont, arrested under the Sedition Act of 1798, attacking a fellow congressman

Sedition Acts 1798 ■ Unlawfully to combine or conspire together to oppose any measure of the government of the United States ■ To write, print, utter or publish, or cause it to be done, or assist in it, any false, scandalous, and malicious writing against the government of the United States, or either House of Congress, or the President, with intent to defame, or bring either into contempt or disrepute, or to excite against either the hatred of the people of the United States, or to stir up sedition, or to excite unlawful combinations against the government, or to resist it, or to aid or encourage hostile designs of foreign nations. ■ Punishment: Fine not exceeding $5000, and imprisonment six months to five years.

Responses to Alien and Sedition Acts Republicans say that they violate First Amendment Judicial Review not yet established, so no Supreme Court case Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Written, respectively, by Jefferson and Madison Argument: Since states had entered into the compact (Constitution), they can nullify a federal law that breaks the agreement. Thry to get other state legislatures enact “nullification” laws. They didn’t.

The Crisis Fades Federalists, due to the unpopularity of these laws, lose their majority in the election of 1800 Republicans allow the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire or repeal parts of them Under John Marshall, Supreme Court will establish role as the last resort in determining if a law is constitutional News of a new peace with France doesn’t make it to the U.S. until after the election

Judging Adams Keeps U.S. out of war, preserves neutrality Strengthens the Navy Peaceful transfer of power in 1800 Relationship with France damaged New taxes imposed Party politics become entrenched Dislike for the Federalist Congress and the Alien and Sedition Acts cost Adams his reelection and gave control of Congress to the Republicans. But in weighing his presidency, we have to consider the negative along with the positive:

What does the Sedition Act classify as a crime? In what ways does the act go beyond what Adams might have wanted?

Election of 1800 Federalists and Democratic Republicans