Welcome Back!! Ch. 10 Motivation and Emotion Music : “I kissed a girl” “You’re Hot and you’re cold” Katy Perry

Today’s Agenda 1. Definition of Motivation 2. Social Motives –a) Need for Achievement –b) Need for Affiliation/Intimacy –c) Need for Power –d) Feeling your best 3. Sexual motivation –a) Evolution and mating priorities –b) Sexual orientation –c) Prevalence of homosexuality –d) Theories of homosexuality 4. Components of Emotion 5. Expression of Emotion –a) Nonverbal communication –b) Cultural universals –c) Detecting Deceit –d) How to cope with our feelings 6. Happiness

1.Definition of Motivation  What do you want; what do you need?  What’s really important to you?  “Motives are the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions.  Motivation involves goal-directed behaviour” (p. 392)

1.Model of Motivation Input:Motivation:Behaviour: Fasting Hormones starved for food sex Go to restaurant Visit partner Isolationsocial contactCall friend Need for success good gradesStudy hard Fear of failuregood gradesStudy hard/ Procrastinate { { Biological Social

2. Social Motives a) Need for Achievement: –Wanting to accomplish goals –Wanting to succeed b) Need for Affiliation/Intimacy: –Wanting to be with others –Wanting close exchanges with others c) Need for Power: –Wanting to influence or control others –Wanting to have an impact

2. d) Feeling your best: Being engaged in activities where you feel: –Independent and in control (autonomy) –Competent & worthy –Connected: e.g. having regular contact with people who care about you. –I.e. Activities that meet needs for self-determination, self- worth, and connection From research published in 2001.

3. Sexual Motivation a) Evolution and Mating priorities (p ) –Parental investment theory: Sex with larger investment in offspring will be more discriminating in selecting a partner

3.a) Evolution and Mating: Featured Study (p. 408) Gender disparities in mating preferences: –Reflects different pressures for reproductive success among sexes

3. b) Sexual Orientation p According to theory and research, sexual orientation exists on a continuum:

3.c) Prevalence of homosexuality p. 411

3. d) Theories of Homosexuality Most promising model is biological: –Level of prenatal hormones are involved in the organization of the brain and in determining sexual orientation. –Levels different in the case of homosexuals propensity towards homosexuality would therefore be determined before birth by maternal biological factors –This evidence makes discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation untenable.

Chapter 10: Emotion

4. Emotion  “Every feeling has its value and significance…”  Our basic driving force is to seek pleasure and avoid pain. 3 Components: a) Subjective:  Pleasant/unpleasant internal state + Associated thoughts & questions  Appraisals/focus shape emotional experience  Thoughts can intensify emotions b) Physiological:  Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (p. 420)  Changes in breathing, perspiration, heart rate

4. b) Physiological component: p. 421

4. b) Physiological Response (continued) p. 420, Fig

4. Third component of emotion: c) Behavioural Reaction:  Visible bodily expression  E.g. change in facial expression and body posture

5. Expression of Emotion:  a) Nonverbal expression: 80 facial muscles involved Distinct patterns associated with particular emotions Gender differences in reading and expressing emotions  b) Cultural Universals Facial expressions represent a universal language  For primary emotions: fear, anger, joy, disgust, surprise, sadness/distress Display rules vary according to culture

5. c) Detecting Deceit: Polygraph (lie detector): –Detects anxiety rather than true “lies” p. 420

5. d) How to cope with our feelings –Be aware –Allow and accept –Regulate: What do you need? –Expression has health benefits! Diary studies Note on the expression of anger –Assert what you need but don’t attack

6. Happiness (p ) Strong Predictors: –Love Married people report higher levels of happiness –Work Related to life satisfaction –Personality and temperament 50% or more heritable, but not genetically fixed

6. Happiness Moderate Predictors: –Health Particularly important later in life –Social Activity Strong personal relationships foster better health and mood –Religion Provides purpose in life Comfort and support –Especially in times of stress Believers respond with less activity in brain centers regulating anxiety ( Psychological Science, March 2009 ) –Religious belief has calming effect on its devotees?

6. Happiness Would more money make you happier? –Student aspirations –External events have short-turn impact After some time, lottery winners are not much happier than paraplegics –GNP and subjective well-being across countries –Average American is three times as rich as he was in the 60’s but no happier –Relationship between wealthy and happiness is tenuous at best … Yet people aspire to make more money!

6. Invest in Happiness –Nurture your relationships/ Find love –Practice Acts of Kindness –Find meaning and purpose in your life: Through work or spirituality Derive meaning from adversity –What doesn’t kill you will make you stronger –Practice self-compassion –Work on your outlook: Don’t compare yourself to others Focus on what you have (rather than what you don’t have) –Count your blessings; keep a gratitude journal Don’t dwell on your problems –Distract yourself after a disappointment –Take care of your body