Introduction to Physical Science Monday, Wednesday, Thursday Tom Burbine

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Physical Science Monday, Wednesday, Thursday Tom Burbine

Earth How do we determine the composition of the Earth’s interior?

Planetary densities mass

ρ = Mass/Volume ρ Earth = g/cm 3 Density (g/cm 3 ) Metallic iron7.87 Basalt3.3 Water1.0 Cold ices and hydrogen

Density (g/cm 3 ) Iron7.87 Basalt3.3 Water1.0 Cold ices Density What do these densities tell us?

Earth’s Interior

Earth’s crust 46.6% O 27.7% Si 8.1% Al 5.0% Fe 3.6% Ca 2.8% Na 2.6% K 2.1% Mg

Earth is made of minerals

How do we know what’s in the interior of the Earth?

Seismic Waves – vibrations created by earthquakes

Seismic Waves P waves – primary waves – (pushing) – travel faster – can travel through anything S waves – secondary – (side to side) – travel slower – only through solids

ample.htmlhttp://alomax.free.fr/alss/examples/hodo/hodo_ex ample.html

Surface Waves Travel on the surface of the Earth Love Wave – side by side mation.gifhttp:// mation.gif Rayleigh Wave – rolling movement _animation.gifhttp:// _animation.gif Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh waves

P (primary) waves S (secondary) waves Surface waves: Rayleigh and Love waves

Richter Scale Measures the magnitude of an earthquake Single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released by an earthquake. Amplitude of largest displacement Under At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. 8 or greater - Great earthquake. Can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across.

How do we get information? The precise speed and direction of the waves depends on the composition, density, pressure, temperature, and phase (solid or liquid)

Which of these bodies have they used seismic waves to study?

How can you study the interior of a planet?

Density Density = mass/volume If the density is higher than the surface rock, there must be denser material in the interior

Gravity If you can measure gravity (force) with a spacecraft as it rotates around a body, you can determine how mass is distributed on the body

Magnetic Field Tells if a planet has a molten metal interior

Earth’s magnetic field is believed to be caused by the convection of molten iron, within the outer liquid core along with the rotation of the planet Electrons flow

Magnetic pole moves

North Magnetic Pole However, the "north pole" of a magnet is defined as the one attracted to the Earth's North Magnetic Pole By this definition, the Earth's North Magnetic Pole is physically a magnetic south pole

Glatzmeier and Roberts simulations :

Geomagnetic Reversals Based upon the study of lava flows of basalt throughout the world, it has been proposed that the Earth's magnetic field reverses at intervals, ranging from tens of thousands to many millions of years

What may happen during the reversal? There may be a slight rise in the per capita cancer rate due to a weaker magnetic field. We may also be able to see the northern lights at lower latitudes If you own a compass, it will have difficulty finding north until the magnetosphere settles.

Any Questions?