More about strings in C++

String member functions The next three slides present information about functions that are members of the C++ string class (found in the cstring library) Member functions in C++ work much like instance methods in Java; you must have a string object in order to call them You don’t have to call a string constructor in C++ (this is probably part of why you don’t really have to in Java either)

3 size Function Function size returns an unsigned int value that equals the number of characters currently in the string Function length returns the same value as function size You must use dot notation in the call to function length or size

4 find Function Function find returns an unsigned integer value that is the beginning position for the first occurrence of a particular substring within the string The substring argument can be a string constant, a string expression, or a char value If the substring was not found, function find returns the special value string::npos

5 substr Function Function substr returns a particular substring of a string The first argument is an unsigned integer that specifies a starting position within the string length The second argument is an unsigned integer that specifies the length of the desired substring (not the same as Java’s crazy substring method!) Positions of characters within a string are numbered starting from 0, not from 1

String input There are several ways to read string data in C++; I’m just going to name 3: – The extraction operator (>>) is analogous to a Java Scanner object’s next() method – that is, it will read a string up to the first delimiting character – The get () function (member function of cin) reads one character at a time – can be used in a loop context to read string data – The getline() function reads a string, sort of like Java Scanner’s nextLine() method – see next slide for syntax

Functions getline() and ignore() The getline() function takes two arguments: – an input stream object (like cin) – a string – the function reads string data from the input stream into the string The ignore() function (a member function of cin) can be used to get rid of unwanted data in the input stream

8 Reading char data with the get() function An alternative to the >> operator is the get() function, a member of the istream class Like all member functions, get() can only be called by an object of its class type – a familiar instance of this class is cin The get() function reads and stores the next character in the input stream, skipping nothing – in other words, it reads white space

9 Example #include int main() { char c; cout << “Enter a character: ”; cin.get(c);// reads the character entered cout << “You entered: ” << c << endl; system(“PAUSE”); return 0; }

10 Weakness of get() In the previous example, a single character is read and echoed to the screen The next example attempts to do the same thing, only with two characters, but it doesn’t work Take a look at the code – what is output?

11 Example #include int main() { char c, d; cout << "Enter a character: "; cin.get(c);// reads the character entered cout << "Enter another character: "; cin.get(d); cout << "You entered: " << c << " and " << d << endl; system("PAUSE"); return 0; }

12 char first ; char middle ; char last ; cin.get ( first ) ; cin.get ( middle ) ; cin.get ( last ) ; NOTE: The file reading marker is left pointing to the space after the ‘B’ in the input stream. firstmiddlelast At keyboard you type: A [ space]B [ space ] C [ Enter] firstmiddlelast ‘A’‘ ’‘B’

13 The ignore() function Because get() reads all characters, including white space, there is no way to avoid reading spaces, newlines, etc. This is fine if you want to read these characters, but it is problematic in many instances, as we have seen To remedy this situation, use the ignore() function to skip unwanted characters, as described on the next several slides

14 The ignore() function Like get(), ignore() is a member function of the istream class A call to ignore from the cin object can take two forms; the simpler form is: cin.ignore(); – this form means ignore the next character in the stream – it is useful to place a call like this after each input statement (cin.get() or extraction) in a program that uses any calls to cin.get() – this will clean up any lingering newline characters in the input stream

15 Revised example #include int main() { char c, d; cout << "Enter a character: "; cin.get(c);// reads the character entered cin.ignore();// throws away the newline character cout << "Enter another character: "; cin.get(d); cin.ignore(); cout << "You entered: " << c << " and " << d << endl; system("PAUSE"); return 0; }

16 Other forms of ignore() You can also choose to call ignore() with one or two argument(s); using this form, you can specify how many characters to ignore, and/or the last character in a series of characters to ignore The example on the next slide illustrates these two forms

17 Example char c, d, e; cout << "Enter a character: "; cin.get(c);// reads the character entered cin.ignore(1);// discards the newline character cout << "Enter another character: "; cin.get(d); cin.ignore(100, '\n');// discards next 100 characters or // next newline, whichever comes first cout << "Enter one more character: "; cin.get(e); cin.ignore();// discards newline cout << "You entered: " << c << ", " << d << " and " << e << endl;

18 EXAMPLE string message ; cin >> message ; cout << message ; HOWEVER... String Input in C++ Input of a string is possible using the extraction operator >>.

19 Extraction operator >> When using the extraction operator ( >> ) to read input characters into a string variable: – the >> operator skips any leading whitespace characters such as blanks and newlines – it then reads successive characters into the string, and stops at the first trailing whitespace character (which is not consumed, but remains waiting in the input stream)

20 Example string name; cout << “Enter your name: ”; cin >> name; cout << “You entered: ” << name << endl; Output: Enter your name: Cate Sheller You entered: Cate

21 getline( ) Function Because the extraction operator stops reading at the first trailing whitespace, >> cannot be used to input a string with blanks in it use getline function with 2 arguments to overcome this obstacle First argument is an input stream variable, and second argument is a string variable EXAMPLE string message ; getline (cin, message ) ;

22 getline(instream, string) getline does not skip leading whitespace characters such as blanks and newlines getline reads successive characters (including blanks) into the string, and stops when it reaches the newline character ‘\n’ the newline is consumed by getline, but is not stored into the string variable

23 Example string name; cout << “Enter your name: ”; getline(cin, name); cout << “You entered: ” << name << endl; Output: Enter your name: Cate Sheller You entered: Cate Sheller

String concatenation We can do string concatenation in C++, but it’s more restricted than in Java Basically, you can concatenate a string with another string or with a char (and that’s all)