By: Teacher Imy Cajigas 5 th grade Science Study guide and Review

 Not only does the skeleton give us our shape, it also protects parts of our body.  Our skull protects our brain, our ribs protect our heart and lungs, and our backbone protects our spinal cord.  Our bones are very important, and we could not do anything without them.

 By the time you become an adult, you will only have around 206 bones. This is because, as you grow some of the bones join together to form one bone. Our bones don’t simply work on their own. The bones join together to form joints.

 The point where two bones meet is called a joint.  Ball and socket joint – allows your bones to have circular movement. We find this type of joint in your shoulder and in your hips.  Hinge joint- lets your bones move backward and forward. We find this type of joint on your knee.

 Voluntary muscles – Muscles that you control. Example: bend your arm, run, and smile.  Involuntary muscles- Muscles that you cannot control. Example: breathe or digest food  A very important fact is that one muscle contract when the other relaxes.  The muscular system allows your skeleton to move.

 The muscular system includes three types of muscles:  Smooth, which are found on the walls of internal organs.  Cardiac, which is found only in the heart.  Skeletal muscles, which help strengthen the body and connect to bones.

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 The circulatory system is a very important part of our body.  The circulatory system carries the oxygen and nutrients we need to survive all throughout our body’s tissues and organs, as well as remove the wastes our body does not need.  The circulatory system has the special job of moving blood through your body.

Heart Blood vessels blood /

 The heart is the engine of the circulatory system. It keeps our blood flowing so that our body can get the nutrients it needs.  It is hard to believe that it only takes one minute for all of your blood to travel that much!

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 The respiratory system helps move oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of your body.  Air enters through your nose or mouth Pharynx Trachea Air Sacs (inside your lungs) the diaphragm contract and relaxes as air enters and leave your lungs.

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 The digestive system makes nutrients available to all body cells.  Digestion- is the process of breaking food in a form the cells can use.  The process of digestion begins in the mouth.  The main parts of your digestive system are: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

 The process of digestion begins in the mouth as you chew the food you swallow enters in your esophagus next the partly digested food enters your stomach where is mixed with juices then goes to your small intestine and the food is break into nutrients anything that cannot be digested goes to your large intestine then pass through your rectum and anus to leave the body.

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 Your central nervous system is the control center of your body.  It links all body systems and carries signals from one system to another.  The organs that made up your central nervous system are : the brain and the spinal cord.  The spinal cord is the link between your brain and other parts of your body.

 The brain is a moist spongy organ made up of billions of nerve cells.  The brain sends messages to your body, through billions of nerve cells.  The basic working unit of the central nervous system is the neuron. They carry information in the form of electrical signals.

 Wastes such as ammonia are removed from the body by the excretory system.  Ammonia, a waste product of certain cell functions enters the blood and sent to the liver.  The liver converts ammonia into urea which travels to the kidneys. It is filtered from the blood and the result is urine.  Urine is eliminated from the body.

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 Your body uses special cells, tissues, organs, and chemicals to keep disease-causing microorganisms from causing harm.  Your skin, breathing passages, mouth, and stomach are some of your body’s defenses.  You get an infection when disease – causing microorganisms enter, live in, and multiply within your body.

 Organisms that cause disease are pathogens. Disease caused by pathogens are infectious; this means it can pass from one organism to the other.  Bacteria and Viruses are pathogens that cause infectious disease.

 Viruses are smaller than bacteria.  Viruses are not made of cells and have no nucleus, they can only reproduce using living cells to create more viruses.

 Your immune system helps protect you from many pathogens.  Your immune system is made up of blood cells and other tissues.  Special white blood cells join together to destroy pathogens, these cells make antibodies to stop pathogens from infecting other cells.  If you have antibodies for a pathogen your immune system will attack whenever that pathogen enters your body.

 A vaccine is a kind of medicine that protects you from a disease, it signals your immune system to make antibodies to certain pathogens.  You develop immunity without ever having the disease.  Vaccines are not available for all infectious diseases. You could protect yourself by eating healthy, resting, exercise, and washing your hands often.

 Edward Jenner (1796)- made a vaccine against smallpox.  Florence Nightingale (1854)- an English nurse that demands that army hospitals be kept clean to save lives.

 Louis Pasteur (1868)- a French scientist, shows that microorganisms cause disease. He develops a way to kill certain microorganisms.  Robert Koch, a German scientist, he hypothesizes that an infectious disease is caused by one specific pathogen.

 Alexander Fleming (1928)- Discovers that a fungus called Penicillium releases a substance that kills bacteria. He create the first antibiotic.

 Complete each sentence using vocabulary words. 1. A(n) _____ can be passed from one organism to another. 2. Skeletal muscles are _______. 3. Organisms that cause some disease are___. 4. A(n)_____ can make your immune to a disease without having the disease. 5. The ____ is made up of cells in your blood and other tissues. 6. ____ are muscles that you are not able to control. 7. A(n)_____ receives and sends electrical messages.

 What are the cells that destroy pathogens?  Which structure is the link between the brain and the rest of the body?  Which muscles help your bones move?  Where is most of the food digested and absorbed?  What are antibodies?

 How does a vaccine protect against disease?  What is an infectious disease?  Which important discovery did Alexander Fleming made?  What is the job of the circulatory system?  Which digestive organ absorbs liquid and stores solid waste?