Calderas – a selective introduction

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Calderas – a selective introduction

Presentation transcript:

Calderas – a selective introduction

What is a caldera? A caldera is a surface depression formed by draining a subsurface magma reservoir Once a magma chamber has drained sufficiently, its roof can no longer be supported, so it collapses into the reservoir Draining of the reservoir can occur by subsurface intrusion (basaltic systems) or by explosive venting (silicic systems) The structural rim and topographic rim of a caldera are different Calderas are filled with breccia and pyroclastic rocks The caldera floor can be coherent or broken up into many pieces Lipman 1997 BV

Smith and Bailey’s caldera cycle

Caldera-related magma reservoirs How are they sustained? What is their physical nature and rheology? How do they evolve over time? National Park Service

Triggers and causes of caldera eruptions Changes in the physical state of the magma Replenishment Overpressure Role of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids

Styles of caldera collapse Effects upon intracaldera ignimbrite and cooling Role of regional structures Lipman 1997 BV

Links between subsidence processes and magma chamber processes Mixing and stirring of magma Single blocks vs. multiple blocks Temporally increasing magma diversity Intensification of eruptions Kennedy et al 2008 Nature Geosci

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Miyakejima 2000 degassing caldera formation complete Kazahaya et al Geology

Restless silicic calderas Long Valley Yellowstone Rabaul Campi Flegrei Role of regional structure Calderas as pull-apart basins USGS

Resurgence and associated activity Styles Mechanisms Timing of collapse and resurgence Hydrothermal systems Ore deposits Smith and Bailey 1968

Global impact of caldera-related super-eruptions Atmosphere Land surface Sea surface Vegetation