America’s History Seventh Edition James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 20 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives 1880-1917 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. This image depicts an 1894 political march 1. This image depicts an 1894 political march. To where are these men marching and for what reason? 1. This image depicts an 1894 political march. To where are these men marching and for what reason? (Answer: Coxey’s Army; marched on Washington, DC, during the depression in 1894; unemployed men asking for relief from the government.) 2. What message are these men seeking to send to onlookers? (Answer: the presence of the US flag indicates that they see themselves as asking for rights as citizens; dressed respectfully; appear to want the support and respect of those who witness their march.)

1. This image depicts an 1894 political march 1. This image depicts an 1894 political march. To where are these men marching and for what reason? Answer: Coxey’s Army; marched on Washington, DC, during the depression in 1894; unemployed men asking for relief from the government. 1. This image depicts an 1894 political march. To where are these men marching and for what reason? (Answer: Coxey’s Army; marched on Washington, DC, during the depression in 1894; unemployed men asking for relief from the government.) 2. What message are these men seeking to send to onlookers? (Answer: the presence of the US flag indicates that they see themselves as asking for rights as citizens; dressed respectfully; appear to want the support and respect of those who witness their march.)

2. What message are these men seeking to send to onlookers? 1. This image depicts an 1894 political march. To where are these men marching and for what reason? (Answer: Coxey’s Army; marched on Washington, DC, during the depression in 1894; unemployed men asking for relief from the government.) 2. What message are these men seeking to send to onlookers? (Answer: the presence of the US flag indicates that they see themselves as asking for rights as citizens; dressed respectfully; appear to want the support and respect of those who witness their march.)

2. What message are these men seeking to send to onlookers? Answer: the presence of the US flag indicates that they see themselves as asking for rights as citizens; dressed respectfully; appear to want the support and respect of those who witness their march. 1. This image depicts an 1894 political march. To where are these men marching and for what reason? (Answer: Coxey’s Army; marched on Washington, DC, during the depression in 1894; unemployed men asking for relief from the government.) 2. What message are these men seeking to send to onlookers? (Answer: the presence of the US flag indicates that they see themselves as asking for rights as citizens; dressed respectfully; appear to want the support and respect of those who witness their march.)

The Presidential Elections of 1880, 1884, and 1888 The anatomy of hard-fought, narrowly won presidential campaigns is evident in this trio of electoral maps of the 1880s. First, note the equal division of the popular vote between Republicans and Democrats. Second, note the persistent pattern of electoral votes, as states overwhelmingly went to the same party in all three elections. Here, we can identify who determined the outcomes—“swing” states, such as New York and Indiana, whose vote shifted every four years and always in favor of the winning candidate.

1. According to this political cartoon, what has President Harrison done since taking office? (Answer: dumped the surplus left by President Cleveland into a “billion-dollarism hole”; overspending.) 2. What is the significance of Harrison’s enormous hat? (Answer: critics claimed that Harrison was of lesser political statue than his grandfather, former president William Henry Harrison.)

1. According to this political cartoon, what has President Harrison done since taking office? Answer: dumped the surplus left by President Cleveland into a “billion-dollarism hole”; overspending. 1. According to this political cartoon, what has President Harrison done since taking office? (Answer: dumped the surplus left by President Cleveland into a “billion-dollarism hole”; overspending.) 2. What is the significance of Harrison’s enormous hat? (Answer: critics claimed that Harrison was of lesser political statue than his grandfather, former president William Henry Harrison.)

2. What is the significance of Harrison’s enormous hat? 1. According to this political cartoon, what has President Harrison done since taking office? (Answer: dumped the surplus left by President Cleveland into a “billion-dollarism hole”; overspending.) 2. What is the significance of Harrison’s enormous hat? (Answer: critics claimed that Harrison was of lesser political statue than his grandfather, former president William Henry Harrison.)

2. What is the significance of Harrison’s enormous hat? Answer: critics claimed that Harrison was of lesser political statue than his grandfather, former president William Henry Harrison. 1. According to this political cartoon, what has President Harrison done since taking office? (Answer: dumped the surplus left by President Cleveland into a “billion-dollarism hole”; overspending.) 2. What is the significance of Harrison’s enormous hat? (Answer: critics claimed that Harrison was of lesser political statue than his grandfather, former president William Henry Harrison.)

The Heyday of Western Populism, 1892 This map shows the percentage of the popular vote won by James B. Weaver, the People’s Party candidate, in the presidential election of 1892.Except in California and Montana, the Populists won broad support across the West and genuinely threatened the established parties in that region.

Routes of the Industrial Armies of 1894 The march of “Coxey’s Army” inspired many groups of desperate, unemployed men to appeal for government aid. Various peaceful “armies”—some seeking federal funds for irrigation projects in the West, as well as emergency public employment programs—organized in many cities and started east for the national capital, usually walking, but sometimes commandeering trains or boats to ease their way. As the armies marched through, residents of some towns and cities met them with food, shelter, and support; others, terrified, met them with loaded guns and barred their entry. Many of the armies gave up after Coxey’s initial group met hostility and defeat. Those who made it to Washington ended up in makeshift campgrounds in Maryland and Virginia that Coxey’s followers had created, eventually dispersing to seek other ways to survive.

Disenfranchisement in the New South In the midst of the Populist challenge to Democratic one-party rule in the South, a movement to deprive blacks of the right to vote spread from Mississippi across the South. By 1910, every state in the region except Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, and Florida had made constitutional changes designed to prevent blacks from voting, and these four states accomplished much the same result through poll taxes and other exclusionary methods. For the next half century, the political process in the South would be for whites only.

The Presidential Elections of 1892 and 1896 In the 1890s, the age of political stalemate came to an end. Students should compare the 1892 map with Map 20.1 and note especially Cleveland’s breakthrough in the normally Republican states of the upper Midwest. In 1896, the pendulum swung in the opposite direction, with McKinley’s consolidation of Republican control over the Northeast and Midwest far overbalancing the Democratic advances in the thinly populated western states. The 1896 election marked the beginning of sixteen years of Republican dominance in national politics.

The Presidential Elections of 1892 and 1896 In the 1890s, the age of political stalemate came to an end. Students should compare the 1892 map with Map 20.1 and note especially Cleveland’s breakthrough in the normally Republican states of the upper Midwest. In 1896, the pendulum swung in the opposite direction, with McKinley’s consolidation of Republican control over the Northeast and Midwest far overbalancing the Democratic advances in the thinly populated western states. The 1896 election marked the beginning of sixteen years of Republican dominance in national politics.

1. What is taking place in this cartoon? (Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.”) 2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? (Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” (Henretta, 538)) 3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? (Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution.)

1. What is taking place in this cartoon? Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.” 1. What is taking place in this cartoon? (Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.”) 2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? (Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” (Henretta, 538)) 3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? (Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution.)

2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? 1. What is taking place in this cartoon? (Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.”) 2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? (Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” (Henretta, 538)) 3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? (Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution.)

2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” 1. What is taking place in this cartoon? (Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.”) 2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? (Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” (Henretta, 538)) 3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? (Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution.)

3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? 1. What is taking place in this cartoon? (Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.”) 2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? (Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” (Henretta, 538)) 3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? (Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution.)

3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution. 1. What is taking place in this cartoon? (Answer: presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan holds a golden cross with the tag “Used in Bryan’s Chicago Speech – Cross of Gold” in his left arm; in his right hand a crown of thorns labeled as such; the cross is leaning on a Bible, which Bryan is standing upon; behind him sits a town in ruins and a man with a sign reading “Anarchy”; at the bottom are the words “The Sacrilegious Candidate: No man who drags [into?] the dust the most sacred symbols of the Christian world is fit to be president of the United States.”) 2. What is the significance of the cross and the crown? (Answer: Bryan referenced both in an 1896 speech that attacked the gold standard: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” (Henretta, 538)) 3. What criticism is the cartoonist leveling at Bryan? (Answer: the artist is labeling Bryan’s use of biblical references as anti-Christian and putting forth the notion that Bryan’s political ideas are akin to revolution.)

1. This image shows Roosevelt campaigning for president in 1904 1. This image shows Roosevelt campaigning for president in 1904. How might the new practice of bringing the candidate to the voters have impacted both campaigns and the presidency in the 20th century? 1. This image shows Roosevelt campaigning for president in 1904. How might the new practice of bringing the candidate to the voters have impacted both campaigns and the presidency in the 20th century? (Answer: students could discuss how candidates had to sell themselves [image] to potential votes, had to utilize modern transportation such as the train seen here to travel to areas with large numbers of voters, had to connect to the people in their speeches and not rely on the electorate reading their statements in news publication; presidents in the twentieth century had to be able to reach the people through their personalities as well their intellect.)

1. This image shows Roosevelt campaigning for president in 1904 1. This image shows Roosevelt campaigning for president in 1904. How might the new practice of bringing the candidate to the voters have impacted both campaigns and the presidency in the 20th century? Answer: students could discuss how candidates had to sell themselves [image] to potential votes, had to utilize modern transportation such as the train seen here to travel to areas with large numbers of voters, had to connect to the people in their speeches and not rely on the electorate reading their statements in news publication; presidents in the twentieth century had to be able to reach the people through their personalities as well their intellect. 1. This image shows Roosevelt campaigning for president in 1904. How might the new practice of bringing the candidate to the voters have impacted both campaigns and the presidency in the 20th century? (Answer: students could discuss how candidates had to sell themselves [image] to potential votes, had to utilize modern transportation such as the train seen here to travel to areas with large numbers of voters, had to connect to the people in their speeches and not rely on the electorate reading their statements in news publication; presidents in the twentieth century had to be able to reach the people through their personalities as well their intellect.)

1. Can you identify any of the men depicted in this cartoon? (Answer: holding the sword of “Public Service” appears to be Teddy Roosevelt; other men are from US businesses: Jay Gould, J.P. Morgan, , John D. Rockefeller.) 2. What is the central message of this cartoon? (Answer: the enormous, seemingly insurmountable challenges from private businesses/industries/wealth faced by those who fight for the public good.)

1. Can you identify any of the men depicted in this cartoon? Answer: holding the sword of “Public Service” appears to be Teddy Roosevelt; other men are from US businesses: Jay Gould, J.P. Morgan, , John D. Rockefeller. 1. Can you identify any of the men depicted in this cartoon? (Answer: holding the sword of “Public Service” appears to be Teddy Roosevelt; other men are from US businesses: Jay Gould, J.P. Morgan, , John D. Rockefeller.) 2. What is the central message of this cartoon? (Answer: the enormous, seemingly insurmountable challenges from private businesses/industries/wealth faced by those who fight for the public good.)

2. What is the central message of this cartoon? 1. Can you identify any of the men depicted in this cartoon? (Answer: holding the sword of “Public Service” appears to be Teddy Roosevelt; other men are from US businesses: Jay Gould, J.P. Morgan, , John D. Rockefeller.) 2. What is the central message of this cartoon? (Answer: the enormous, seemingly insurmountable challenges from private businesses/industries/wealth faced by those who fight for the public good.)

2. What is the central message of this cartoon? Answer: the enormous, seemingly insurmountable challenges from private businesses/industries/wealth faced by those who fight for the public good. 1. Can you identify any of the men depicted in this cartoon? (Answer: holding the sword of “Public Service” appears to be Teddy Roosevelt; other men are from US businesses: Jay Gould, J.P. Morgan, , John D. Rockefeller.) 2. What is the central message of this cartoon? (Answer: the enormous, seemingly insurmountable challenges from private businesses/industries/wealth faced by those who fight for the public good.)

1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. (Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.”) 2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? (Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair.) 3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? (Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905.)

1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.” 1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. (Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.”) 2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? (Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair.) 3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? (Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905.)

2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? 1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. (Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.”) 2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? (Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair.) 3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? (Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905.)

2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair. 1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. (Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.”) 2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? (Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair.) 3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? (Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905.)

3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? 1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. (Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.”) 2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? (Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair.) 3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? (Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905.)

3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905. 1. Identify the two characters depicted on the cover of Puck magazine. (Answer: President Roosevelt with a pair of scissors labeled “House” and “Senate” appears dressed in feminine attire; on the bed a man with long hair labeled “rate fixing power,” on his belt “the railroads.”) 2. According to this cartoon, who is the “American Samson”? (Answer: the railroad industry; Roosevelt is “Delilah” preparing to cut Samson’s hair.) 3. What is the underlying political message illustrated here? (Answer: comparing Roosevelt’s efforts to control railroad shipping rates with the biblical story of Samson and Delilah, in which the cutting of Samson’s hair weakens him; Roosevelt will perhaps be the force that weakens the immensely powerful railroad industry in 1905.)

1. What does this image of LaFollette addressing a crowd of people tell us about early twentieth-century politics? 1. What does this image of LaFollette addressing a crowd of people tell us about early twentieth-century politics? (Answer: importance of a candidate and/or politician connecting and/or speaking directly to the voters, in this case a progressive bringing his message directly to the people.)

1. What does this image of LaFollette addressing a crowd of people tell us about early twentieth-century politics? Answer: importance of a candidate and/or politician connecting and/or speaking directly to the voters, in this case a progressive bringing his message directly to the people. 1. What does this image of LaFollette addressing a crowd of people tell us about early twentieth-century politics? (Answer: importance of a candidate and/or politician connecting and/or speaking directly to the voters, in this case a progressive bringing his message directly to the people.)

1. Examine the cover of this periodical 1. Examine the cover of this periodical. What political philosophy are the publishers seeking to advance with its content? 1. Examine the cover of this periodical. What political philosophy are the publishers seeking to advance with its content? (Answer: a socialist publication; note the title The Masses, the article by Max Eastman, a noted radical from this period, about class warfare.) 2. What reaction did the illustrator, John Sloan, hope to evoke with his drawing of the Ludlow Massacre? (Answer: sadness and anger; the woman on the ground holds a deceased baby, while the man with the gun holds a dead child; the man appears ready to fight whomever has caused this heartache.)

1. Examine the cover of this periodical 1. Examine the cover of this periodical. What political philosophy are the publishers seeking to advance with its content? Answer: a socialist publication; note the title The Masses, the article by Max Eastman, a noted radical from this period, about class warfare. 1. Examine the cover of this periodical. What political philosophy are the publishers seeking to advance with its content? (Answer: a socialist publication; note the title The Masses, the article by Max Eastman, a noted radical from this period, about class warfare.) 2. What reaction did the illustrator, John Sloan, hope to evoke with his drawing of the Ludlow Massacre? (Answer: sadness and anger; the woman on the ground holds a deceased baby, while the man with the gun holds a dead child; the man appears ready to fight whomever has caused this heartache.)

2. What reaction did the illustrator, John Sloan, hope to evoke with his drawing of the Ludlow Massacre? 1. Examine the cover of this periodical. What political philosophy are the publishers seeking to advance with its content? (Answer: a socialist publication; note the title The Masses, the article by Max Eastman, a noted radical from this period, about class warfare.) 2. What reaction did the illustrator, John Sloan, hope to evoke with his drawing of the Ludlow Massacre? (Answer: sadness and anger; the woman on the ground holds a deceased baby, while the man with the gun holds a dead child; the man appears ready to fight whomever has caused this heartache.)

2. What reaction did the illustrator, John Sloan, hope to evoke with his drawing of the Ludlow Massacre? Answer: sadness and anger; the woman on the ground holds a deceased baby, while the man with the gun holds a dead child; the man appears ready to fight whomever has caused this heartache. 1. Examine the cover of this periodical. What political philosophy are the publishers seeking to advance with its content? (Answer: a socialist publication; note the title The Masses, the article by Max Eastman, a noted radical from this period, about class warfare.) 2. What reaction did the illustrator, John Sloan, hope to evoke with his drawing of the Ludlow Massacre? (Answer: sadness and anger; the woman on the ground holds a deceased baby, while the man with the gun holds a dead child; the man appears ready to fight whomever has caused this heartache.)

1. Identify the men in this image. (Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall.) 2. What is the significance of the donkey? (Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party.) 3. What is the main message of this illustration? (Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912.)

Identify the men in this image. Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall 1. Identify the men in this image. (Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall.) 2. What is the significance of the donkey? (Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party.) 3. What is the main message of this illustration? (Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912.)

2. What is the significance of the donkey? 1. Identify the men in this image. (Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall.) 2. What is the significance of the donkey? (Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party.) 3. What is the main message of this illustration? (Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912.)

2. What is the significance of the donkey? Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party. 1. Identify the men in this image. (Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall.) 2. What is the significance of the donkey? (Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party.) 3. What is the main message of this illustration? (Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912.)

3. What is the main message of this illustration? 1. Identify the men in this image. (Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall.) 2. What is the significance of the donkey? (Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party.) 3. What is the main message of this illustration? (Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912.)

3. What is the main message of this illustration? Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912. 1. Identify the men in this image. (Answer: then-presidential candidate Woodrow Wilson with his running-mate Thomas R. Marshall.) 2. What is the significance of the donkey? (Answer: the symbol of the Democratic Party.) 3. What is the main message of this illustration? (Answer: the magazine labels Wilson the “The New Rider” or the new leader of the Democratic Party as the election approaches in 1912.)

The Presidential Election of 1912 The 1912 election reveals why the two-party system is so strongly rooted in American politics—especially in presidential elections. The Democrats, though a minority party, won an electoral landslide because the Republicans divided their vote between Roosevelt and Taft. This result indicates what is at stake when major parties splinter. The Socialist Party candidate, Eugene V. Debs, despite a record vote of 900,000, received no electoral votes.

The Federal Bureaucracy, 1890–1917 The surge in federal employment after 1900 mirrored the surge in government authority. Progressive initiatives at the local and state levels, along with pressure from grassroots reformers, led to new federal departments and bureaus, designed to oversee and regulate the economy and protect public welfare.