Immigration & the Growth of Cities STANDARD USII.2B – RESOURCES, TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRY AFTER 1865

How did advances in transportation link resources, products and markets?  Remember the Transcontinental Railroad?  Well, there is a little bit more to it than that….

Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets.

Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population.

How did advances in transportation link resources, products, and markets?  Moving natural resources (e.g., copper, lead) to eastern factories  Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills (e.g., Pittsburgh)  Transporting finished products to national markets

What else is there?  The resources needed for the factories were things like iron ore from Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Copper & lead were mined in New Mexico Arizona and Utah  Advances in transportation, like the railroad, these materials could be transported easily, cheaper and in greater quantity.

Wait, there’s more…  Sometimes resources were moved with ships, especially in the Great Lakes area.  Did you ever wonder why so many big cities were near waterways?

Still More  Once the resources got to the factories they were used to provide energy for the factory or make goods for the factory to sell.  The more resources a factory had the more goods or products they could sell.

Manufacturing Areas  A manufacturing area is exactly what it says, an area where there is manufacturing.  What is manufacturing?

Examples of Manufacturing Areas  Detroit Manufactured Automobiles  Pittsburgh Manufactured Steel  New England Manufactured Textiles

Centers of Population  Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population.  What does clustered mean?  What does center of population mean?  Why is the statement true?

4b Immigration and Growth of Cities They’re Coming to America But Why???

Reasons for the increase in immigration Hope for better opportunities  There was a lack of land and job opportunities in Europe  Irish Potato Famines  People wanted a new start/beginning  America is the Land of Opportunity Desire for religious freedom  Jewish Persecutions in Eastern Europe  Persecution of Irish Catholics  Wanted the freedom to practice their own religion

Reasons for the increase in immigration  Escape from oppressive governments  Monarchies and oppressive governments  America is a democratic country  Wanted freedom Desire for adventure  Young people looking for something new  Wanted the thrill of something exciting  America was exciting

Old Immigration New Immigration

Old Immigration  Before 1890, most immigrants from Europe came from northern and western Europe  Britain, Germany, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden

New Immigration  Starting in 1890, most people came from southern and eastern Europe, and other parts of the world  Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia

Immigrants from Asia  In the 1840s and 1850s, large numbers of Chinese came to America for the California gold rush  Immigrants also came from Japan and other Asian countries  Around 1900, the U.S. began limiting the number of immigrants from Asia

Immigrants: The “Old” VS. The “New” “Old Immigrants”  The myth of the WASP – White, Anglo-Saxon Protestants…  Northern or Western Europeans  English Speakers or familiarity with the language and alphabet  Protestant faiths allowed church-centered community development. “The New Immigrants”  Southern and Eastern Europeans… Russian, Slavic, Balkan, Italian, Greek  Non English speakers – some with unique alphabets: Greek Cyrillic, Arabic.  Catholic, Jewish, or Orthodox Christian faiths made assimilation more difficult.

Ellis Island, New York Harbor Angel Island, San Francisco Bay Immigration Stations processed New Immigrants to the United States – by the 1880s, though, immigration restrictions were being drafted into law.

Assimilation – (n.) a process… The process of becoming a part of another culture – it may require learning new languages, social norms, customs, holidays, traditions, and common beliefs.

Ethnic Neighborhoods Ethnic neighborhoods allowed immigrants to have all of the comforts of home – a common language, culture, and even favorite foods – in their adopted nation. It could also prevent assimilation, though, since older family members never ventured out of the neighborhood to learn about American culture.

The Public Schools were created to help assimilate immigrant children to American culture. The public school movement in Northern cities was started by Horace Mann at a time when immigration was increasing rapidly. Usually children in families learned to speak English before their parents or grandparents, and practiced American customs and traditions rather than – or in addition to - the customs of their native countries.

Immigrant Contributions  Immigrants were the backbone to America’s workforce, taking jobs in steel mills, meatpacking plants, mines, and garment workshops.  Ethnic foods gained great popularity.  Immigrants and the children of immigrants were major contributors of inventions and innovations.  New cultural traditions – St. Patrick’s Day, Santa Claus etc.

Nativism – (n.) Anti-Immigrant bigotry and racism Nativists believed that the United States must be preserved for native born Americans – and the immigrants constituted a threat to the American way of life. This despite the fact that EVERY American is a descendent of immigrants and our nation could never have been founded were it not for the contributions of immigrants.

Alleged Negative Characteristics of Immigrants - Nativists attributed all of the problems in American Society to immigrant groups. Frequently, immigrants were the victims of these conditions, not the cause.  Foreign Languages  Non-Christian, or non-Protestant religious faiths.  Unusual customs.  Immigrants took jobs from American workers.  Violence  Crime  Poverty  Intemperance  Anarchy  Superstitions and Sabbath Desecration

U.S. Government Starts to Limit Immigration The Immigration Acts of 1917 and 1924 placed restrictive barriers on immigration as well. Literacy requirements and economic tests prevented poor immigrants from coming to America.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 The Act prohibited the immigration of all Chinese laborers. It was renewed in 1892 and made permanent in The law was repealed in The laws were driven largely by racial concerns; immigration of persons of other races was unlimited during this period

Why did Cities Grow - Specialized industries, Steel (Pittsburgh)  Textile (New England)

Specialized industries Meat Packing (Chicago)  Automobile (Detroit)

Another Reason for Cities Growing Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities  Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production.  Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. Ways people tried to solve immigrations problems

Tenements & Ghettos

Life In Tenements  Overcrowded  Disease  Poorly constructed  No garbage collection  Danger of fire  High crime

Settlement Houses  A center in an underprivileged area that provides various community services  The first settlement house was Toynbee Hall which opened in 1883 in the London slums

Jane Addams  Born in 1860  Grew up in a wealthy family in Cedarville, IL  After graduating, went on a trip of Europe  Visited Toynbee Hall Settlement House in London  Opened Hull House shortly after her return home

Hull House  Built in 1856 by Charles Hull  By the 1880’s was surrounded by tenements & factories  Opened as America’s first Settlement House in 1889  By 1893 was serving over two thousand people a week

Quick Facts about Hull House  Consisted of about 13 buildings  Had the first gym in America  Offered classes, clubs, nurseries  Had a library, art museum  Closed in 1963  Made a historic landmark in 1967  Only two buildings remain  The area surrounding Hull House is now home to Oprah Winfrey’s Harpo Studios  There are some interesting ghost stories for Hull House

Political Machines  An unofficial system of political organization based on patronage  Simply put…people in political offices, like mayors, would offer jobs and other perks to people in exchange for votes

Political Machines Good or Bad?  Found housing for new immigrants.  Helped find jobs for new immigrants.  Gave immigrants a way into careers.  Total control over city governments.  Sold favors for votes.  Stole money from the cities.  Basically acted like big bullies!

Political Cartoons

4d - The impact of new inventions, the rise of big business, the growth of industry, and life on American farms. The modern world is coming….

inventions  Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation.  Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society.

Light bulb  Perfected by Thomas Edison in 1879  DEFINITION: With the help of electricity, it was used to light homes and factories in major cities.  NOTE: Rural areas did not have electricity yet.

 FUN FACT: Most NYC buildings did not have electricity, so Edison built a power plant to supply power by His company, Edison Electric, later became General Electric

Telephone  Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876  DEFINITION: It was used to improve communication  FUN FACT: It was originally called the “talking telegraph.” By 1900, almost 1.5 million telephones were in the U.S.

Alexander Graham Bell

What created the rise in big business? Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business National markets created by transportation advances  Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel; Cornelius Vanderbilt, shipping and railroads) Advertising Lower-cost production

National markets created by transportation advances  Transportation Improvements were critical having a “United States”

Faster transportation  Example: trains

Factories in the East  Example: Steel mills in Pittsburgh

Finished products from factories in the East  Example: Ford’s Model T

National Markets (big cities-NYC, catalogues- Sears)  Example: family in New York City

Captains of Industry  Some of the men who led the “New Industrial Revolution” and the Rise of Big Business  The Men Who Built America

John D. Rockefeller  Was the founder of Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first U.S. trust. He was the first billionaire.  Upon his retirement he established foundations that set the model for modern charitable giving.

Andrew Carnegie  Scottish-American Industrialist who led the expansion of the US steel industry. His Carnegie Steel is the forerunner to US Steel which comes to dominate steel production.  Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education and scientific research.  He is an example of a “rags to riches” story.

Cornelius Vanderbilt  Built a huge fortune from steamship lines and railroads.

4 Factors that resulted in growth of industry  Access to raw materials and energy  Availability of work force due to immigration  Inventions  Financial resources

Access to Raw Materials and Energy  In order for the industrial advances to happen, huge amounts of natural resources were necessary. Luckily, America had them!

Cities of Industry New York City Boston Pittsburgh Philadelphia Detroit St. Louis Chicago Automobiles Steel Textiles

Natural Resources Coal Iron Copper Oil

Industrial Centers Industrial Centers (Factories)

Examples of big business Railroads Oil Steel

Post Civil War changes in farm and city life Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production. Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs. Industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (e.g., mail order).

Negative effects of industrialization  Child labor  Low wages, long hours  Unsafe working conditions

Rise of organized labor  Formation of unions:  Growth of American Federation of Labor  Strikes: Aftermath of Homestead Strike

Progressive Movement workplace reforms  Improved safety conditions  Reduced work hours  Placed restrictions on child labor