Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 The Language Of Medicine 10 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Chapter Goals Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language. Divide medical words into their component parts. Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language. Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Objectives in Studying The Medical Language Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 QUICK QUIZ: 1.All medical terms have: A. a combining vowel B. two roots C. a suffix D. a prefix

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2.Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A. Suffix B. Prefix C. Combining vowel D. Combining form

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Word Analysis (cont’d) HEMAT/O/LOGY    root  suffix combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of study

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Word Analysis (cont’d) Important elements:  Root: foundation of the term  Suffix: word ending  Prefix: word beginning  Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation  Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Word Analysis (cont’d) ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Word Analysis (cont’d) ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM      root  root  suffix combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/ITIS

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/ITIS  root suffix gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix starts with a vowel (as in “itis”)

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY      root  root  suffix combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy means process of study

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Word Analysis (cont’d) THREE General Rules: 1.Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across 2.Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis” 3.Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not “gastrenterology”

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Word Analysis (cont’d) HYPO/GASTR/IC

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Word Analysis (cont’d) HYPO/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix hypo- means below gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Word Analysis (cont’d) EPI/GASTR/IC

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Word Analysis (cont’d) EPI/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix epi- means above gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Combining Forms aden/o_________ arthr/o_________ bi/o_________ carcin/o_________ cardi/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Combining Forms (cont’d) aden/ogland arthr/ojoint bi/olife carcin/ocancerous, cancer cardi/oheart Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? A.Arthritis B.Adenitis C.Adenoma D.Cephalic

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Combining Forms cephal/o_________ cerebr/o_________ cis/o_________ crin/o_________ cyst/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Combining Forms (cont’d) cephal/ohead cerebr/ocerebrum cis/oto cut crin/oto secrete cyst/ourinary bladder Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 Combining Forms (cont’d) cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o_________ electr/o_________ encephal/o_________ enter/o _________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Combining Forms (cont’d) cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/oskin electr/o electricity encephal/obrain enter/o intestines Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 QUICK QUIZ: 4.Which term means study of cells? A.Cystoscopy B.Cystitis C.Cytology D.Hematology

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 Combining Forms erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ glyc/o_________ gnos/o_________ gynec/o _________ hemat/o or hem/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 Combining Forms (cont’d) erythr/o red gastr/o stomach glyc/osugar gnos/oknowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/oblood Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32 Combining Forms (cont’d) hepat/o_________ iatr/o_________ leuk/o_________ log/o_________ nephr/o_________ neur/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33 Combining Forms (cont’d) hepat/oliver iatr/otreatment, physician leuk/owhite log/ostudy of nephr/okidney neur/onerve Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 Combining Forms (cont’d) onc/o_________ ophthalm/o_________ oste/o_________ path/o_________ ped/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35 Combining Forms (cont’d) onc/otumor ophthalm/oeye oste/obone path/odisease ped/ochild Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36 Combining Forms (cont’d) psych/o_________ radi/o_________ ren/o_________ rhin/o_________ sarc/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Combining Forms (cont’d) psych/omind radi/ox-rays ren/okidney rhin/onose sarc/oflesh Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38 Combining Forms (cont’d) sect/o_________ thromb/o_________ ur/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39 Combining Forms (cont’d) sect/oto cut thromb/oclot, clotting ur/ourinary tract, urine Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40 Suffixes -ac_________ -al_________ -algia_________ -cyte_________ -ectomy_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41 Suffixes (cont’d) -acpertaining to -alpertaining to -algiapain -cytecell -ectomyexcision, removal Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42 QUICK QUIZ: 5.Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? A.-ectomy B.-scopy C.-itis D.-opsy

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43 Suffixes -emia_________ -genic_________ -globin_________ -gram_________ -ic, ical_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44 Suffixes (cont’d) -emiablood condition -genicproduced by or in -globinprotein -gramrecord -ic, icalpertaining to Combining FormMeaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 45 Suffixes (cont’d) -ion_________ -ist_________ -itis_________ -logy_________ -oma_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46 Suffixes (cont’d) -ionprocess -istspecialist -itisinflammation -logyprocess of study -omatumor, mass, swelling Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 47 Suffixes (cont’d) -opsy_________ -osis_________ -pathy_________ -scope_________ -scopy_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 48 Suffixes (cont’d) -opsyprocess of viewing -osiscondition, usually abnormal -pathydisease condition -scopeinstrument to visually examine -scopyprocess of visually examining Combining FormMeaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 49 Suffixes (cont’d) -sis_________ -tomy_________ -y_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 50 Suffixes (cont’d) -sisstate of; condition -tomyprocess of cutting, incision -yprocess, condition Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 51 Prefixes a-, an-_________ aut-, auto_________ dia-_________ end-, endo-_________ epi-_________ ex-, exo-_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 52 Prefixes (cont’d) a-, an-no, not, without aut-, auto-self, own dia-complete, through endo-within epi-above, upon ex-, exo-out, outside of, outward Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 53 Prefixes (cont’d) hyper-_________ hypo- _________ in-_________ peri-_________ pro-_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 54 Prefixes (cont’d) hyper-excessive, above, more than normal hypo- deficient, below, under, less than normal in-into, in peri-surrounding, around pro- before, forward Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 55 Prefixes (cont’d) re-_________ retro-_________ sub-_________ trans-_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 56 Prefixes (cont’d) re-back, backward, again retro-behind sub-below, under trans-across, through Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 57 Pronunciation of Terms When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: ā as in ā pe ō as in ō pen When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: ă as in ă pple ŏ as in p ŏ t The capitalized syllable is accented.

Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 58 Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d) Examples: adenitis ă d- ĕ -N ī -t ĭ s biologyb ī - O L- ō -j ē cephalics e -F Ă L-ĭk iatrogenic i - ă t-r ō -JĔN-ĭk resectionr ē -SĔK-sh ŭ n