VARIABLES RELATED TO ARTICULATION AND PHONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE

I. INTRODUCTION** There are a number of variables associated with speech sound acquisition. Research: can only demonstrate correlation, not cause-and-effect- relationships.

II. GENETIC FACTORS (all this in II is Ukrainetz & Spencer)** Ukrainetz, T.A., & Spencer, T.D. (2015). Sorting the learning disorders: Language impairment and reading disability. In T.A. Ukrainetz (Ed.), School-age language intervention: Evidence-based practices ( ). Austin, TX: Pro- Ed.

Molecular Genetics:

SSD Reading disabiity Language Impairment Genetics

III. ENVIRONMENT

IV.FAMILIAL AND PERSONAL FACTORS

Intelligence

Research shows:

Youtube video Down Syndrome Child Talking (Ciarra’s mom) What errors do you hear? Write them down as you listen.

V. LANGUAGE SKILLS

Speech sound errors especially increase when children are trying to produce:

Izzy has an /r/ problem and a language impairment—we’re using a classroom book

Working on /r/ with Izzy, /s/ with Gabe; using spelling book from 3 rd grade classroom

V. TONGUE THRUST A. Introduction

Orofacial Myology is:

B. Characteristics of Tongue Thrust

Youtube video Tongue thrust Dan Hanson

On p. 188, your text says:** “Treatment for tongue thrust is not provided in many public schools unless a child has an accompanying SSD.”

But in the public schools….

ASHA’s Position:

VI. SENSORY VARIABLES A. Oral Sensation Looked at oral stereognosis or form recognition B. Hearing Loss

Problems found in children with significant hearing loss: (p. 181; just this on exam from hearing loss section):

Youtube video Heather Whitestone Tallahassee times interview

C. Auditory Discrimination

VII. ANATOMIC, NEUROLOGIC, AND PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS** A. Anatomic Structures 1. Soft palate—may have VPI. Mobility and enough tissue are very important. Need good VP closure for pressure consonants especially—fricatives, affricates, stops May use glottal stops for other sounds. May also have nasal emission and hypernasality.

2. Nasopharynx

Unrepaired cleft lip and palate

Repaired lip and palate

Class II malocclusion (overbite)

Class II

Underbite (Class III)

Open bite

Open Bite Repaired

Problems with the tongue may include…

Ankyloglossia

Youtube video Tongue tie ImplantDentistFortLauderdale

Cancer of the tongue

B. Neurological Factors

Youtube Dysarthria speech Spastic dysarthria 1/5

2. Cerebral Palsy

3. Apraxia of speech

VIII MOTOR SKILLS