Ethnicity and youth sub-cultures P0vQJJ44&feature=player_embedded# P0vQJJ44&feature=player_embedded#!

Key words Hybridity Ethnocentrism Discrimination Prejudice Ethnicity Race Nationality

Ethnicity Ethnicity is related to culture, descent and a shared sense of identity (Modood 2005) Therefore ethnicity is related to race, as well as nationality as well as religion. Factors which have influenced people’s ethnic identities are immigration and globalisation. In Britain there is much diversity of ethnic backgrounds this has lead to Hybrid Cultures such as Brasian (British Asian) a blend of different cultures creating an entirely new ethnicity.

National Identity Nationality differs to ethnicity, culture and race and is purely related to geographical areas. Agents of socialisation teach us about Nationality the same way as they do for gender, class, ethnicity. For example in the media when we see sporting events such as Rugby World cup we rally together Extreme Nationalism is often characterized by intolerance and racism. This often occurs when resources are scarce or when shared history and cultural traditions are threatened by multiculturalism e.g Nazi Germany or rise of BNP during recession.

Youth and National Identity People develop a sense of identity often by asserting what they are NOT e.g asserting masculinity by Not being feminine, asserting Britishness by Not being Black or Asian. British white working class culture,according to many sociologists, is seen as under threat by youth, they therefore assert national identity through racism e.g Skinheads, and recruitment into BNP or EDL in inner cities. Sub-cultures develop amongst ethnic minorities based on culture from country of origin. See p.166

Sub-cultures Rastafarians – Jamaica, Bob Marley, religion, capitalism resistance, resistance to white oppression. Buffalo Soldier and Get up Stand up Hippies influenced by Eastern cultures (Indian, Buddhism and Hinduism) – Beatles and Marahashi Mahesh Yogi Bhangra – folk music from Punjab has been incorporated into contemporary music styles Shown in Brasian (New Hybrid identity British Asian) Hip-Hop Gansta Rap – born in the Bronx in 1970s – Rap music, dance, graffiti, female exploitation - Hybridity is strong e.g Eminem

Researchers Hall (1996) New ethnicities. Stuart Hall recognises how ethnic groups have influenced one another due to migration and globalisation producing hybrid identities. Modood et al (1997) most second generation immigrants (Caribbean and South Asian) saw themselves as both British and Black/Asian Les Back (1996) found white youths adopting black caribbean culture on London council estates. Tony Sewell (1997) found Black youths developed anti- school and resistant sub-cultures based on rastafarian or gansta/hip-hop culture – macho, materialist – gave them status they could not get from white society.

Extension activity See page 167. To what extent do you think white youth are adopting Black street culture? Give some examples.

Positives and Negatives + More choice + Hybrid identities due to immigration + Rich diversity in music, fashion, media - Intolerance/racism/ethnocentrism - Gang related activity – due to intolerance - Resistance due to racism past/present - Erosion of British culture (read David Starkey’s comments) starkey-claims-whites-black