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 Immigration: o What are the new and “free” things that immigrants come to appreciate? o How does she feel about education? Restate or write the questions for these: Urbanization: Do questions 1, 3, 5 Industrialization: Do questions 2, 3, 4

 Pushes: negatives that force people to leave a country  Poverty of farm workers replaced by mechanization  Overcrowded cities and lack of jobs  Religious persecution (of Jews in Russia)

 Pulls: positives that attract people to a country Political and religious freedom Improvement in transatlantic travel  Economic opportunities Industrialized cities Settling of the Great Plains

 OLD: o Northern and western Europe o Mostly English speaking o Higher levels of literacy, job skills o Mostly Protestant Exception: Catholic Irish o Blended in easily

 NEW: o Southern and eastern Europe o Chinese in the West o Typically poorer, illiterate o Largely Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish o Settled in poor ethnic neighborhoods in urban areas

 Before 1880’s: few restrictions  After: o Chinese Exclusion Act o Law banning “undesirables” o Law banning “contract labor” o Opening of Ellis Island Medical exams Documentation checks Pay tax

 Natural Selection  Survival of the fittest  The American dream: “pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps” o “those who feel an obligation to provide assistance to those unequipped or under-equipped to compete for resources, will lead to a country in which the weak and inferior are encouraged to breed more like them, eventually dragging the country down”—Herbert Spencer

 Growth in urban populations provided labor/market  Jobs in cities attracted immigrants/rural workers (esp. Southern blacks)

 Mass transportation (streetcars, trolleys, elevated trains): could commute  Led to suburbs  Skyscrapers (made possible by steel, elevators, steam-heating radiators)  Slums  Ethnic neighborhoods