Plant Anatomy 1. Plant Parts a.k.a. Plant Organs 2. Plant Tissues 3. Water Transport 4. Food Transport

Plant Parts/Organs Root Stem / Shoot Leaf Reproductive

Root Function 1. support and anchor plant 2. absorb water and minerals from soil 3. transports water and minerals to stem some also serve as food-storage e.g. maple trees, carrots

Root Types Taproots Fibrous Root a long, thick main root with branching secondary roots in dicots e.g. dandelions, carrots Fibrous Root many main roots about the same size not as deep in the ground but extends laterally in monocots e.g. grass

Root Structure In the center of the root is the vascular cylinder (vein) – xylem and phloem. Roots grow from the tips where the apical meristem is found and protected by the root cap. In the zone of differentiation root hairs are found. Root hairs increase the root’s surface area and is where water and minerals are absorbed.

Cross Section of Growing Root Page 394

Root Modifications Modified storage of beets Adventitious roots – prop roots of corn Pneumatophores – mangrove swamps Epiphytes – strangler fig Modified storage of beets Aerial roots – develop along stem as in ivy

Stem Function 1. support the leaves 2. transport water and minerals from root to leaves 3. transport sugars from leaves some may store food e.g. sugar cane

Stem Types Herbaceous Stems Woody Stems stems that are green, soft and regrown each year Woody Stems stems contain thick, tough tissue – wood allows plants to live for more than 2 years and grow taller than 1 meter hard tissue called wood is dead xylem

Stem Structure must have vascular cylinder (vein) containing xylem and phloem Xylem is always closer to the centre of the stem. Phloem is always closer to the outside of the stem. In monocots vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. In dicots vascular bundles are arranged in rings. In woody stems sapwood is younger xylem – conducts water, on outside each year a new ‘ring’ of sapwood is laid down –annual rings heartwood is older/dead xylem – filled with resins giving it a darker color; can’t conduct fluids bark is the protective layer on the outside – consists of cork and phloem

Stem Modifications

Leaf Function to act as solar panels trapping sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose by the process called photosynthesis – create food for the plant plants now are ‘food’ for organisms photosynthesis also produces oxygen

Leaf Types broad verse narrow simple verse compound needles of gymnosperms

Leaf Structure contain chlorophyll to photosynthesize – thus are green designed to maximize exposure to sunlight – thus tend to be wide contain special cells to protect against excessive water loss and damage – cuticle and epidermis have special cells to allow gases (CO2, O2, H2O ) to be exchanged – guard cells form stomata contain veins to transport need water and produced glucose

Cross Section of a Leaf

Leaf Modifications Spines – of cacti Tendrils – of grapevine Venus fly trap Petal – of flowers Succulents – jade plant Storage leaf – onion

Reproductive Organs Ferns - spores Gymnosperms – cones Angiosperms – flowers