Political Geography Created by David Palmer, Todd Baker, Fellman, and Notes from D.J. Zeigler of Old Dominion

Vocab Review State- an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government Sovereignty: the ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs of other states. Nation: a tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, or other cultural attributes. Nation-state: a recognized member of the modern state system possessing formal sovereignty and occupied by a people who see themselves as a single united nation. Binational or Multinational : nations that stretch across borders and across states. Stateless Nation: a nation without a state Nationalism : loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Former Yugoslavia - State not a nation: Why? Fellmann

Stateless Nations - Have no national Territory e.g Palestinian Arabs 6.5 million (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria) CIA Factbook. online

Kurdistan 20 million Kurds Turkey and Iraq very volatile relationship Kurds desire territory or at least autonomous control of land in Iraq and Turkey Fellmann 343

Concept: Nation-State Ideal built on homogeneity of territory and culture Politically organized Sovereignty: final authority over territories political and military affairs Example - Japan Ethnic Groups in Japan Japanese 99% Picture Here CIA Factbook. online

Ethnicity divided between two states

Territoriality The modern state is an example of a common human tendency: the need to belong to a larger group that controls its own piece of the earth, its own territory. This is called territoriality: a cultural strategy that uses power to control area and communicate that control, subjugating inhabitants and acquiring resources.

Geographic Characteristics of States

A. Territory Size-micro vs macro Does Size =Power? No Greater land area may equal greater resources Could also lead to problems with regulating area (communication and transportation) CIA Factbook. online Vatican Map Micro State - Vatican MapMicro State - Vatican Map

Size is not necessarily an indicator for success Russia Land Area: 6,550.7 square miles Purchasing Power Parity $9700 (2002) United States Land Area: 3,787.4 Purchasing Power Parity $36,300 (2002) CIA Factbook. online

B. Territory Shape Fellmann 423

Shapes of States Compact States Efficient Theoretically round Capital in center Shortest possible boundaries to defend Improved communications Ex. Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Poland, Uraguay

1. Compact State: (circle shape) the distance from any point of the country to its center is about the same. supposed to provide the most geographic stability e.g. Poland, Iceland,, Zimbabwe

Compact

Shapes of States Fragmented States Several discontinuous pieces of territory Technically, all states w/off shore islands Two kinds: separated by water & separated by an intervening state Exclave – Ex. Indonesia, USA, Philippines

2. Fragmented State consisting of 2 or more pieces can make some interactions within the country more difficult e.g. Philippines

Fragmented

3. Elongated Can create separatist areas due to distance from center or core Vietnam, Chile, Norway Hello down there!

Elongated

Chile Argentina

Shapes of States Prorupted States w./large projecting extension Sometimes natural Sometimes to gain a resource or advantage, such as to reach water, create a buffer zone Ex. Thailand, Myanmar, Namibia, Mozambique, Cameroon, Congo

Prorupt States An area that extends from a compact area Can create room for factions geographically Southern Thailand

Prorupted

Shapes of States Perforated States A country that completely surrounds another state Enclave – the surrounded territory Ex. Lesotho/South Africa, San Marino & Vatican City/Italy

Perforated State broken by another country 1. exclaves: separated from the state by another state e.g. Azerbaijan (Fellmann 347) 2. enclaves: surrounded by another state e.g. Christian Armenia b. e.g. South Africa- Lesotho US question next slide

Practice Analysis of Shape What US state is an exclave? The same state is also a prorupt state. What shape best describes California? Elongated

With a partner, what do you think is one advantage and disadvantage of each shape of state? Rank the shape of states from what you think is the best to worst? Why did you choose those rankings? 10 minutes to answer the questions above and then discuss

Distribution of territory— geographic characteristics of states The more compact the territory, the easier it is to govern. Ideal shape is round or hexagonal. Types of shapes: compact, prorupt, elongated, fragmented and perforated (which contains an enclave). The most damaging territorial distributions affect a country’s cohesiveness and stability: enclaves and exclaves.

Landlocked States No access to major sea or ocean Must negotiate rights to move resources through other countries – problems exist when countries do not agree on fundamental policies

Location Relative location: Some states are landlocked.

Big Theme Territory size & shape can influence political stability, but can not determine social, political, or economic well being.

Boundaries

What is a boundary? Boundary: a vertical plane that cuts through the airspace and ground to determine ownership

Boundaries Natural or Physical Boundaries Mountains Deserts Water – rivers, seas, lakes, oceans Columbia River between two states or Andes Mts. between Argentina and Chile

Boundaries Cultural Boundaries Consequent Boundaries Religious Boundaries Language Boundaries

Cultural Boundary Figure 8-15

Problems Boundaries Lack of knowledge of underground resources when boundaries were created 1990 Kuwait vs. Iraq: Rumaylah oil reserves created International conflict (picture 349)

Who Controls Airspace? When boundaries were created there was a lack of knowledge of importance of airspace a. airline traffic b. satellite space?

How are Boundaries Created? Defined - usually legally by someone who is not directly involved (written) Delimitation - mapped Demarcation - marked with posts, walls, fences, etc. (Fellman 430)

Types of Boundaries Geometric boundary: straight line boundary totally unrelated to physical features e.g. United States border with Canada Four Level analysis- Level 2 - Patterns Level 3 - why there?

Types of Boundaries Physical-political/ or natural-political boundaries: boundaries which conform to physical features e.g. United States border with Mexico along the Rio Grande

Types of Boundaries- genetic boundaries A. antecedent boundary: some boundaries were defined and delimited before humans settled e.g. Malaysia B. subsequent boundaries: boundaries which developed according to the cultural landscape e.g. Vietnam/ China

Types of Boundaries Genetic continued C. superimposed boundaries: forcibly drawn boundaries across a culturally unified landscape e.g. Papau New Guinea/ Indonesia d. relict boundary: border that has ceased to function imprints still evident in cultural landscape. N-S Vietnam

IV. Boundary Disputes A. Territorial / Definitional -Whose Land is it? Focus on legal language of the agreement B. Positional / Locational => focus on delimitation and demarcation of the border 2. the interpretation of the definition is the dispute 3. Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen (oil rich border not covered in the treaty)

IV. Boundary Disputes C. Functional / Operational Border Dispute 1. way boundary should function 2. how should each side handle cross-border migration D. Resources / Allocational Border Dispute 1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources 2. water supplies - Colorado River

Boundary Disputes D. Allocational Border Dispute 1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources 2. water supplies - Colorado River nasa

Various boundary disputes - what type are they? Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution. Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the war. All of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands. Source: Functional Territorial and Positional Resource

Mari-time Boundaries UN Convention on Law of the Sea 12 Mile Zone EEZ (Exculusive Economic Zone) 200 Nautical Miles Source:

Forward Thrust Capital A capital sometimes is relocated from a border city to one deeper in the heart of country. When a capital is moved toward the center of a country -- usually toward an undeveloped region -- it’s known as a forward-thrust capital. This is to improve the economy or political stability

Brazil: Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia

Pakistan: Karachi to Islamabad

Kazakhstan: Almaty to Astana