Relationships in Nature BIO108 Notes: Relationships can be found throughout nature: Dependent and Independent Beneficial and Harmful Hosts and Parasites Questions: This rhino is in a variety of relationships some obvious and some less visible. 1) Can you name any of these partnerships? 2) What the purpose of the relationship? 3) Who does it harm or help?

Symbiosis Living together A partnership Two different species Both partners benefit – mutual benefit

Animal Kingdom Nile crocodile & crocodile bird Hermit crab & sea anemone Buffalo & oxpecker Shark & remora fish

Crocodile & Bird Nile crocodile Crocodile bird Usually eats animals Allows bird to walk around its mouth Crocodile bird Cleans parasites in croc’s teeth Removes and eats scraps of food Eats harmful leeches and parasites Notes: Mammal - Bird relationships are common. Questions: Can you think of other animal-bird symbiotic relationships? Why and how do you think this relationship evolved? What special adaptations might have developed for this relationship?

Hermit Crab & Sea Anemone protects the crab Sea anemone Gets leftover food http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

Buffalo & Oxpecker Buffalo Oxpecker Lets the bird eat Eats ticks and other parasites off skin Warns buffalo of danger http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/enemies/partners.html

Shark and Remora Fish Shark Remora Fish Lets the fish eat Eats parasites Gets the shark’s leftovers

Lichen Slow growing plants Partnership: fungi & algae Neither could live alone

Relationships Phoresis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Phoresis Loose association One organism is smaller than other Larger organism used for transport Dung beetles and cow dung

Commensalism “eating together at the same table” Only one member benefits sharing space, defense, shelter, food Neither will die if relationship is ended Shrimp & sea cucumber http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

Mutualism Both organisms derive mutual benefit Intimate and obligatory Neither can survive without the other Example – host and parasite Tickbirds and rhinos Clownfish & sea anemone

Parasitism Not symbiotic Causes harm to host

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