II. Animal Diversity C. Bilateria 2. Deuterostomes – blastopore forms anus c. Chordata: 3. Vertebrata - four traits - vertebral column - trends: - increased locomotion - increased cephalization - adaptations to land

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata a. Origin of Vertebrates

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata b. Jawless Fishes – (Class: Agnatha) - Early: Ostracoderms – filter feeding

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata b. Jawless Fishes – (Class: Agnatha) - Current: lampreys, hagfishes: parasitic

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws - increase feeding

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws - increase feeding - priority on locomotion

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - gill arches - evolved to jaws - increase feeding - priority on locomotion - Cephalization

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) dominant predators paired appendages for swimming

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) also efficient paired fins - sharks - skates, rays - ratfish

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton - air sac for respiration

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed Fishes - Placoderms(extinct – survived to Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton - air sac for respiration - in Ray-finned: swim bladder (light, buoyant, fast) save energy by floating

- Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton - air sac for respiration - in Ray-finned: swim bladder (light, buoyant, fast) - in Lobe-finned and lungfish: evolved jointed fins… could support weight on land, and breath with air sac. (Devonian – 400my)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Evolved in Devonian (375 mya) - Lungfish - fed on abundant terrestrial Arthropods

An extraordinary sequence of intermediates documenting the colonization of land. The "red gap" was filled in mya 365 mya

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders - small lungs, respiratory skin must stay moist

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d. Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads, Salamanders - small lungs, respiratory skin must stay moist - eggs must stay moist

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles – evolved in Carboniferous (325 mya)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell; protects embryo from desiccation (like a seed...) embryo

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell - kidney to produce concentrated urine...(reduces water loss. reptiles and birds excrete their nitrogenous waste as a paste (the white stuff in a bird's droppings) that requires little water.)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e. Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell - kidney to produce concentrated urine - scales to reduce water loss from skin (correlating with a larger lung compared to amphibians)

From 250 to 200 mya, the formation of the supercontinent of Pangaea created warm dry climates that gave ‘reptiles’ the edge. Remember? This gave gymnosperms the edge, too...

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: ‘Reptile to Mammal’ transitions - deep history: Pelycosaurs

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: ‘Reptile to Mammal’ transitions - deep history: Pelycosaurs Therapsids

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: - traits: - hair (endothermy)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f. Mammals: - traits: - hair (endothermy) - nurse young

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Development: - Lay eggs (Monotremes)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Development: - Lay eggs (Monotremes) - birth (Marsupials)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Development: - Lay eggs (Monotremes) - birth (Marsupials) - birth of independent offspring (Placentals)

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Mammals: - Radiation:

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds: - Reptilian Roots feathered dinosaurs and endothermy

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds: - Reptilian Roots feathered dinosaurs and endothermy - flight

II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds: - one way lung

even on an exhalation, new air is pulled through the lungs... so birds even absorb oxygen on an exhalation. One way transport is more efficient (like a gut)...

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns:

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: 1. Fish

A. Patterns: 2. Tetrapods

A. Patterns: 3. Summary - innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized (a new place, like an island, or a new habitat (like land or the air).

A. Patterns: 3. Summary - innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized - radiation – explosion of species colonizing new areas and exploiting new environments in this new way

A. Patterns: 3. Summary - innovation: new “adaptive zone” colonized - radiation – explosion of species colonizing new areas and exploiting new environments in this new way - competitive contraction? – winners exclude others…

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized?

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…)

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums, too…

Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I. Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns: B. Mechanisms: - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums, too… 3. Be released from competition by mass extinction of competitors…

Human Evolution

I. What are humans related to?

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? - Morphologically similar to apes

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? - Morphologically similar to apes - hands, binocular vision (Primates) No tail

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ?

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Behaviorally (walk erect)

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Behaviorally (walk erect) - Behaviorally (intelligence and learning)

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Behaviorally (walk erect) - Behaviorally (intelligence and learning) - Morphologically, humans have: - larger head/body ratio

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Behaviorally (walk erect) - Behaviorally (intelligence and learning) - Morphologically, humans have: - larger head/body ratio - smaller jaw/head ratio

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Behaviorally (walk erect) - Behaviorally (intelligence and learning) - Morphologically, humans have: - larger head/body ratio - smaller jaw/head ratio - shorter arms/body ratio

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Behaviorally (walk erect) - Behaviorally (intelligence and learning) - Morphologically, humans have: - larger head/body ratio - smaller jaw/head ratio - shorter arms/body ratio - less hair

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Superficial Morphology Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Genetically: Big Surprize! Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? - Genetically: Big Surprize! Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon < 1% difference in gene sequence

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? Can this 1% difference account for the dramatic behavioral and morphological differences we see? Yes, some genes have big effects. These are regulatory genes, acting during development. They influence the expression of lots of other genes…

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? Can this 1% difference account for the dramatic behavioral and morphological differences we see? Yes, some genes have big effects. These are regulatory genes, acting during development. They influence the expression of lots of other genes… - Can we test this hypothesis? Do the differences correlate with developmental effects?

- Yes. All differences correlate with developmental differences between juvenile primates and adults… Juveniles Adults Larger Head/body ratiosmaller Smaller jaw/head ratiolarger Shorter limb/body ratiolonger

- Yes. All differences correlate with developmental differences between juvenile primates and adults… Juveniles Adults Larger Head/body ratiosmaller Smaller jaw/head ratiolarger Shorter limb/body ratiolonger Less hairmore hair Better learningpoorer learning

- Yes. All differences correlate with developmental differences between juvenile primates and adults… Juveniles Adults Larger Head/body ratiosmaller Smaller jaw/head ratiolarger Shorter limb/body ratiolonger Less hairmore hair Better learningpoorer learning Human-likeApe-like

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? Can this 1% difference account for the dramatic behavioral and morphological differences we see? Yes, if the small change is in developmental genes, they can have BIG effects…humans might be a type of ape that didn’t grow up… The ways we differ supports this hypothesis…

Yes, if the small change is in developmental genes, they can have BIG effects…humans might be a type of ape that didn’t grow up… Primate developmental trajectory Chimp Small changes in development, especially if they occur early in development, can result in big effects. Human

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors?

Molecular clock analyses predicts oldest ape should be about 15 my old

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? Yes. Just where evolution predicts they should be (After other monkeys and apes, before humans and existing apes).

Science, Nov 19, 2004 Pierolapithecus catalaunicus mya – oldest ape

V. Are there common ancestors? - Fossil and genetic analysis independently predicted a common ancestor between humans and chimps lived 5-8 million years ago. Chimpanzee Human Homo sapiens

V. Are there common ancestors? - Fossil and genetic analysis independently predicted a common ancestor between humans and chimps lived 5-8 million years ago. Chimpanzee Human Homo sapiens Sahelanthropus tchadensis – discovered in Chad in Dates to 6-7 mya. Only a skull. Is it on the human line? Is it bipedal? Probably not (foramen magnum). Primitive traits, as a common ancestor might have.

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans?

- yes, and in a nicely graded sequence…. Chimpanzee Human Homo sapiens Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Homo habilis Homo erectus

V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? - with a divergence of two types of hominids around 2 mya

V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? - with a divergence of two types of hominids around 2 mya

V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? - with a divergence of two types of hominids around 2 mya “slender” species

V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? - with a divergence of two types of hominids around 2 mya “slender” species “robust” species

V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? - with a divergence of two types of hominids around 2 mya Primitive species, with their bipedality disputed. Are they on the human line? The chimp line? Ancestral to both? Can’t tell – they are so INTERMEDIATE….

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve?

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve? - The distinguishing traits of hominids are erect gait and large brain.

And, as we’ve discussed, Australopithecus afarensis walked erect.

A. Afarensis prints at Laetoli, approximately 3.56 myr, were made by an obligate biped: - heel strike. - Lateral transmission of force from the heel to the base of the lateral metatarsal. - A well-developed medial longitudinal arch. - Adducted big toe, in front of the ball of the foot and parallel to the other digits. - A deep impression for the big toe commensurate with toe-off.

- The oldest evidence for bipedality dates to 4.4 mya, with the Ardepithecus ramidus skeleton described this year (Science, Oct 2, 2009)

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve? - The distinguishing traits of hominids are erect gait and large brain. - Erect gait came first…

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve? - The distinguishing traits of Hominids are erect gait and large brain. - Erect gait came first… - Brain size increase was later, particularly with Homo habilis and H. erectus..

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve? VII. Why did these changes occur?

- Walking Erect: Adaptive in the expanding dry grasslands?

VII. Why did these changes occur? - Walking Erect: Adaptive in the expanding dry grasslands?

VII. Why did these changes occur? - Increased Brain Size: - walking erect frees the hands for activity - With tools use (seen in Homo habilis), animals could be killed. This increases protein in diet, needed for growth (particularly the brain).

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve? VII. Why did these changes occur? VIII. And what of our species?

- From Africa 200,000 years ago (earliest fossils, genetic variability, etc.)

VIII. And what of our species? - From Africa 200,000 years ago (earliest fossils, genetic variability, etc.) - Bands of hunter gatherers

VIII. And what of our species? - From Africa 200,000 years ago (earliest fossils, genetic variability, etc.) - Bands of hunter gatherers - Cave Art about 30,000 years ago

VIII. And what of our species? - From Africa 200,000 years ago (earliest fossils, genetic variability, etc.) - Bands of hunter gatherers - Cave Art about 30,000 years ago - 14,000 years ago, bands settled in different areas of the globe and began to grow local crops. First Agricultural Revolution….

Where and when: Sahel? West Africa? Ethiopia? Fertile Crescent China New Guinea Andes Amazon? Mesoamerica Eastern U. S.

5.0 mya 1.75 mya tools art 0.2 mya burial 75,000 agriculture 14,000 …to chimps 99.6% before art HUMAN PREHISTORY – Where did humans come from?

Human Evolution I. What are humans related to? Apes II. How do we differ? III. Resolution? IV. Are there common ancestors? V. Are there intermediate links to modern humans? VI. When did these changes evolve? VII. Why did these changes occur? VIII. And what of our species? IX. Evolutionary patterns

- Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life:

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - common ancestry from primitive forms

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - common ancestry from primitive forms - new innovation in new environment (bipedality as climate changed…)

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - common ancestry from primitive forms - new innovation in new environment (bipedality as climate changed…) - radiation of species with this trait (bipedalism)

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - common ancestry from primitive forms - new innovation in new environment (bipedality as climate changed…) - radiation of species with this trait (bipedalism) - competitive contraction and a winner (H. sapiens)

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - common ancestry from primitive forms - new innovation in new environment (bipedality as climate changed…) - radiation of species with this trait (bipedalism) - competitive contraction and a winner (H. sapiens) - local adaptations

Nature Oct 28, 2004

Homo floresiensis – Nature, Oct. 28, And there are new surprizes all the time…

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: Island species are often either dwarf species or giant species:

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: Island species are often either dwarf species or giant species: - dwarf because resources might be limiting

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: Island species are often either dwarf species or giant species: - dwarf because resources might be limiting - giant if niches are open

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - New Stuff! Ardipethicus ramidus description, Science, Oct. 2, Quite intermediate; bipedal but with grasping feet and arboreal proportionality

IX. Evolutionary patterns - Hominids provide all the classical patterns of evolution seen in the rest of life: - New Stuff! - Conclusion: Rather than lacking evidence, the history of humans provides one of the BEST examples in support of evolution by common descent.