Review of Pakistan Foreign Policy Foreign Policy: the systematic plan, intention, aspiration, and ideals of any country on how to deal with its neighbours Guiding Principles of Pakistan Foreign Policy: Freedom and Sovereignty, Muslim Countries, U.N Charter, World Peace, Non- Alignment, Self-Determination, Disarmament Objectives of Pakistan Foreign Policy: dynamic & progressive state, friendly relations, national security, self-determination, commercial and economic cooperation, interests of Pakistan, prestige & honour Challenges to Pakistan Foreign Policy: Security Concern Post 9/11 attacks, Safeguarding Sovereignty, Terrorist Label and Rogue state, Baluchistan issue, sports, foreign investment Conclusion

US Foreign Policy Dr. Fayyaz Ahmad Faize

US Foreign Policy Basic Principles of US Foreign Policy before 1945 Major Goals of US Foreign Policy Who are involved in US Foreign Policy? Change in US Foreign Policy After WW-II: Tools for the Conduct of Foreign Policy US-SU Relations Pak-US Relations

Basic Principles of US Foreign Policy before 1945 US being in North America continent was completely cut off from the rest of the world. Thus, it adopted a policy of ‘isolation’ from its independence to beginning of twentieth century. Because of its isolationist policy, it was not interested in any territorial or economic interests from other states. Thus, it faced no hostility from other states as was persistent in Europe since several centuries. Liberty and equality principles occupied an important position in US administration and policies. It got independence from British in eighteenth century and thus respect for democratic principles and liberty is highly valued in US foreign policy.

Major Goals of US Foreign Policy 1. Protecting US Territorial Integrity. protect the territorial integrity as well as protecting one's embassies and safeguarding one's military forces stationed in or visiting other countries. Protection of all its states and state institutions 2. Protecting the Territorial Integrity of Allies: NATO members, allies in Asia (South Korea, Japan, Israel etc.) 3. Maintaining the International Balance of Power: ensuring no state become so strong to become a threat to its neighbour e.g. Iraq, Syria, 4. Fostering International Security through the United Nations: War against Iraq, Bosnia peace mission, Kosovo, Afghanistan 5. Protecting Access to Strategic Resources: not only to its own but also to others states and ensuring a strict command and control system of strategic resources

Goals of US Foreign Policy cont. 6. Maintaining International Legal Principles, such as Freedom of the High Seas 7. Furthering the Interests of American Business and Fostering Modernization and Economic Development throughout the World: ensuring free and open market policy 8. Safeguarding American Nationals in Foreign Countries and their security and rights 9. Protecting Human Rights, Democracy, and other American Values. Opposes dictatorial and military regimes, opposes unconstitutional change of elected government, respect for human rights, women rights, child abuse etc.

Goals of US Foreign Policy cont. These foreign policy objectives are often divided into: a. high politics b. low politics. High Politics refers to the political and military relationships between states. Items 1 through 6 b. Low Politics refers to the economic, social, and cultural relationships between states. Items 7 through 10 High politics has preference over low politics in the conduct of countries' foreign policies.

Who are involved in US Foreign Policy? The executive has the primary responsibility for making and implementing foreign policy. The President of the United States is the Chief Executive of state, chief diplomat, commander-in-chief, chief economist, and national spokesperson. The President is assisted by a large foreign policy establishment office The legislative branch shares many responsibilities as a junior partner. Congress must appropriate all funds that are spent on foreign policy initiatives and sanctions foreign aid or grants to other countries. Congress has the power to declare war, although all military actions since World War II have been taken by Presidential initiative without a formal declaration of war. The Senate must approve treaties.

Who are involved in US Foreign Policy? Cont. The Senate must also confirm all appointments as ambassadors to foreign countries and all senior commissions in the Armed Forces of the United States. The judiciary plays a minor role, usually limited to reviewing jurisdiction. Many domestic and pressure groups and vested interests have an interest in foreign policy. These include global corporations, associations for various ethnic and religious groups, some foundations, think tanks, major universities Public opinion rarely pays attention to foreign policy matters unless some major crisis invites public concern. Then it can be quite powerful in influencing and modifying foreign policy.

Change in US Foreign Policy After WW-II After WWII, European powers were weakened due to destruction SU and US emerged as victorious states Conflicting ideologies of the two states: Capitalism vs. Communism Fear and distrust of each other as a threat to other’s existence SU intervention in Eastern Europe and its expansionism was felt as a serious threat to capitalism to abolish private property and destruction of its political and social institutions US started active involvement on international level to contain communism threat and gave up policy of isolation So actively involved in western Europe states and also all types of military and economic aid to Europe as well as newly independent countries to prevent their falling to communism

Summary Major Goals of US Foreign Policy: Territorial Integrity, Allies security, BoP, Fostering International Security through UN, Protecting Strategic Resources, US interests in free navigation, trade and Business, Human Rights, Democracy, Who are involved in US Foreign Policy? President, Congress, Judiciary, pressure group, public opinion Change in US Foreign Policy After WW-II: Cold war and struggle against communism, Post 1991 strengthening position