Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

1500s Europeans arrive in East & Southeast Asia Asia not much affected at first China & Japan strong enough to resist http://home.planet.nl/~eljee/J.htm

Vasco da Gama 1498 voyage to India Europe had little to trade Opened the way east for Europeans Europe had little to trade Asians not interested in Christianity http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter9/images/vasco_da_gama.jpg

Limits to European success Sea power allowed: Control of spice exports Regulation of some areas in Asian trade network Europe participation, not control Tribute regimes http://www.thegutsygourmet.net/post-spice.jpg

Portuguese empire http://geography.ucdavis.edu/njrallan/class/geo10/slides/images/Geo10-124_jpg.jpg

Dutch trading empire, 1650 http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/brummett_awl/chapter20/medialib/thumbs/ch20_378.html

Overall, South & Southeast Asia East Asia Europeans stronger, But most Asians kept control East Asia Ming China & Tokugawa Japan dominant

Japan Governed by shogunates (Military governments) since 1100s Kamakura, 1185-1333 Muromachi, 1336-1573 1300s-early 1400s Order breaking down Independent feudal states in conflict

Feudalism in Japan vs. Europe

Nobunaga (1534-1582) One of first daimyos Innovative & fierce Extensive use of firearms After his defeat, his generals gained control of Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) http://www.wicknet.org/history/togden/Chapters/Chapter%208%20and%209/Chapters%208%20and%209%20Pictures/hideyoshi.jpg

Toyotomi Hideyoshi Attacks Korea 1592, 1597 Defeated by Admiral Yi Sun-Sin “Turtle Boats” First ironclad warships http://www.pennfamily.org/KSS-USA/690428-621.htm

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) 1st of 15 Tokugawa shoguns 1603 Capital at Edo (Tokyo) Brought all daimyos under his authority Civil wars ended http://samourais.free.fr/S_HistoireJapon.html

“The nightingale does not sing!” Nobunaga “We will kill it.” Toyotomi Hideyoshi “We will wait.” Tokugawa Ieyasu “We will teach it.” http://www.uccash.com/graphics.htm

Tokugawa years Great Peace through dictatorship Monopoly on gunpowder technology Rigid class system http://www.hogaku.it/storia/azuchi_momoyama/map2.gif

Restricted Europeans’ access to Japan 1500s: Portuguese, Spanish Dutch arrived Traders & missionaries Francis Xavier By 1614, up to 300,000 converts 10% of population http://www.frontpagemag.com/articles/Printable.asp?ID=3993 “Portuguese arrive in Japan” Thomas Kostecki http://www.kostecki.de/en/chegada.htm

Shoguns distrusted Christianity Restrictions began 1580s Missionaries ordered to leave 1590s persecution of Christians began Banned 1614 Ends European trade to end Christian influence Monument to Nagasaki martyrs http://cue.stanford.edu/journal/entry.cgi?index=382

1649 Japan closed to foreigners By 1630s, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas Only Nagasaki open to foreign merchants Dutch post on Nagasaki’s Island Spread weapon technology, shipbuilding, math, astronomy, anatomy, geography “Dutch studies” Western books banned http://www.hendrick-hamel.henny-savenije.pe.kr/images/deshima.jpg

Shogunate’s accomplishments Peace restored Population grew Roads, canals, internal economy grew Tokugawas dynamic through mid-1700s Inflexibility Mid-1800s: Japan forced open by foreign powers (U.S. Commodore Perry) Tokugawa rule ended 1868

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Ruled world’s most populous state Restored ethnic Chinese rule after 400 years’ foreign domination http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/

Founder Zhu Yuanzhang Military commander in revolt against Mongols Peasant origins Buddhist monk Military commander in revolt against Mongols Became Hongwu emperor Laws favorable to peasants http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty/history-Ming-emperors.html

Hall of Harmony http://www.historywiz.com/forbiddencity.htm

Dragon throne http://www.historywiz.com/qing.htm

Peak of cultural grandeur & elegance Confucianism revived Civil service exams reinstated, expanded Return to scholar-gentry dominance Zhuxi (Neoconfucian) Kaifeng

Foreign relations: Most dynamic dynasty 1300s-1400s: active in conquering neighbors Population growth based on new American crops Corn Potato Sweet potato (Cotton) Ming peasant with wheelbarrow

Great Wall Final & lasting reconstruction Built last 1000 kilometers http://www.free-beauty-tips.com/bw3.html

Culture Principal strength in 1500s-1600s Art & literature Silk Novels Silk Porcelain http://www.jozan.net/Artikelbilleder/MTA2003/Textile17ct-Ming-noah1_gr.jpg

Ming porcelain Emperors were biggest customers Prized by wealthy across Eurasia Rougher, more durable pieces sold to foreigners For silver American silver gave Europeans much greater access to Chinese markets

Europeans began arriving Portuguese, then Spanish China was too big to conquer Established trading houses Chinese image of 18th-century European sailor

Matteo Ricci Jesuit priest & scholar Traveled in China Respected by Chinese Traveled in China 1583-1610 Adopted Chinese dress Learned language Appointed court mathematician & astronomer Little success in spreading Christianity

Voyages of discovery Zheng He Mongol, eunuch 7 naval voyages, 1405-1433

7 Voyages of Zheng He http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~tliu/chinese/zhenghe.html

Zheng He’s fleet 1st expedition: 62 large ships 200 smaller ships 28000 men

Compared to Europeans Zheng He’s ships 400 feet long Santa Maria 85 feet

Why did they stop? Interesting but not practical Giraffes, zebras Glamorous but expensive Analogy: US cut back space program

Chinese/European point of view Emperor: curious, ambitious Merchants opposed—China is rich already Scholar gentry opposed waste of money threat to their power Confucian bias against merchants & trade Europeans: wide support Increase national & personal wealth, power Spread Christianity

Fall of Ming Poor leadership Internal corruption Peasant revolts Manchu (Northern nomads) invaded Founded Qing dynasty http://www.regenttour.com/china/history/qing.htm

Qing Dynasty 1644-1912 Last dynasty Kangxi Emperor 1654-1722

Kangxi 1662-1722 A Manchu Open to New Ideas Welcomes Jesuits Create European style maps Hold important offices Their medical knowledge (quinine) saves him from malaria Jesuits compromise to convert Chinese-allow Confucian ancestor worship/Pope objects & Kangxi orders all missionaries to sign a certificate accepting his position in support of Jesuits-breach develops, later Ching emperors persecuted them

China Qing government fearful of Russia and the Mongols rising power Military campaigned to expand the Qing empire as a buffer zone protecting them from Russia Also ended any threat from Mongols One of the great land empires

China Qing did not force Chinese culture on conquered peoples Allowed local leaders to continue to rule as long as they obeyed Qing policies Also practiced religious and cultural tolerance Limited actions of pastoral nomads which reduced their numbers Neglected trade routes along the Silk Roads because they preferring ocean trade

Russia The other great land empire in China Ivan the Great (III) expelled the Mongols and began Russia’s history of expansion Ivan the Terrible (VI) expanded into Siberia Peter the Great and Catherine the Great added areas near the Black Sea

Russia Russia also ended the era of nomadic pastorialists by encouraging farming Placed restrictions on local peasants into “mita” type situations Also tended to be religiously tolerant

Russia Peter and Catherine also sought to “westernize” Russia to only moderate success P – built a new “modern, western” city: St. Petersburg Both modernized the military and invited foreign advisors in C – attached Russia to the western Europe political and cultural system C – invited immigrants to settle

Peter Catherine

Russia Continuities Serfdom Absolute Monarchy Peter and Catherine could change this (Catherine started the process) but did not Absolute Monarchy Chose not to limit the power of the Tsar or Tsarina

Western Europe Spain, England, Portugal and France choose to create sea based empires in the Americas These colonies became a vital part of the mercantile system Provided raw materials and “captive” markets All sought to convert natives to Christianity

Differences in Governing the Americas Spanish and Portuguese monarchs had a “hands-on” approach to governing their American colonies Viceroys used as Kings representatives in colonies Couldn’t make even the smallest decision Dutch, French, English chose a “hands- off” policy Salutory Neglect Fostered an independent spirit which led to revolutions!!!

Absolute & Constitutional Monarchies Spain, Russia, France and others held on to Absolute Monarchy England shifted to a Parliamentary Monarchy in 1689