Native American Experience

Whites vs. Native American conflict 1830: Indian Removal Act/Trail of Tears 1851: Indian Territory (reservation) Great Plains Indians 1864: Sand Creek massacre “No peace ‘til Indians suffer more” 1866: Fetterman massacre Red Cloud gets no response from gov’t 1876: Little Bighorn* (Custer’s Last Stand) 1890: Wounded Knee* SC: 150 mostly women children Fetterman:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.html

What is culture? How does culture appear here? Culture: the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group (Webster Dictionary) *Assimilation at the Carlisle Indian Boarding School George Washington and Henry Knox were first to propose, in an American context, the cultural transformation of Native Americans.[3] They formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process.[2] With increased waves of immigration from Europe, there was growing public support for education to encourage a standard set of cultural values and practices to be held in common by the majority of citizens. Education was viewed as the primary method in the acculturation process for minorities. Americanization policies were based on the idea that when indigenous people learned United States (American) customs and values, they would be able to merge tribal traditions with American culture and peacefully join the majority of the society. After the end of the Indian Wars, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the government outlawed the practice of traditional religious ceremonies. It established Native American boarding schools which children were required to attend. In these schools they were forced to speak English, study standard subjects, attend church, and leave tribal traditions behind. The Dawes Act of 1887, which allotted tribal lands in severalty to individuals, was seen as a way to create individual homesteads for Native Americans. Land allotments were made in exchange for Native Americans' becoming US citizens and giving up some forms of tribal self-government and institutions. It resulted in the transfer of an estimated total of 93 million acres (380,000 km2) from Native American control. Most was sold to individuals or given out free through the Homestead law, or given directly to Indians as individuals. The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 was also part of Americanization policy; it gave full citizenship to all Indians living on reservations. The leading opponent of forced assimilation was John Collier, who directed the federal Office of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945, and tried to reverse many of the established policies.