Radiological Imaging Methods Historory, overview, principles 3 LF UK Praha Dept. of Radiology 2011

Discovery of X - rays W.C.Röntgen Würzburg X-rays ( rtg ) 1901 Nobel prize for physics

X - rays electromagnetic radiation short wavelength - flux of photons - penetrating nonvisible ionizating E = h. f f = c / λ

History of radiology 1895 Röntgen X-rays (rtg) roentgenology 1896 Becquerel natural radioactivity (α, β, γ) 1898 Mme Curie Po, Ra radiology 20. century 1940 F.J.Curie arteficial radioactivity nuclear medicine 1941 technics of IR rays thermography technics of US ultrasound - therapy 1950 electronics, semiconductors,TV image intensifier 1960 mikroprocessors, computers digital image 1970 ultrasonography 1972 Hounsfield, McCormack CT 1973 Lauterbur principle of MR imaging 1980 digitalisation digital methods, MRI interventional radiology 1990 informatics PACS, teleradiology

Contemporary radiology century Radiology and medical imaging is a recognized clinical discipline in all EU countries Certification in radiology – 5 years Radiology comprizes nowadays diagnostical as well interventional procedures Higher specialisation (Czech Republic): pediatric radiology, interventional radiology, neuroradiology Near clinical disciplines: nuclear medicine, radiation oncology ( radiotherapy )

Modern trends in radiology analogue imaging digital imaging morfology function qualitative evaluation quantitative evaluation hybrid systems molecular imaging interventional methods miniinvasivity ionizing radiation methods without radiation burden

X-rays US IR MRI radiography fluoroscopy CT ultrasonography thermography MRI Doppler MRS Radiodiagnostic methods - overview

Basic principles of imaging methods 1. Transmission SPD source pacient detector X-rays, CT μ ≈ λ. Zef 3 4 Z P

2. Emission S P D NM, thermography

3. Reflection S D PP Ultrasound methods

4. Principle of resonance absorption and emission M P S D MRI