The Origins of the Cold War Chapter 19.1 and 19.2

What’s Going on with Russia? 1917: 2 nd Russian Revolution 1917: 2 nd Russian Revolution 1918: Russia withdraws from WWI 1918: Russia withdraws from WWI 1933: US finally recognized the USSR as a nation 1933: US finally recognized the USSR as a nation WW2: USSR is an Allied power but many tensions and disagreements WW2: USSR is an Allied power but many tensions and disagreements

The Yalta Conference February 1945 February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin Decide on future of Germany and Poland Decide on future of Germany and Poland Germany into 4 zones (GB, US, FR, USSR) Germany into 4 zones (GB, US, FR, USSR) Capital city of Berlin also into 4 zones Capital city of Berlin also into 4 zones Stalin agrees to let Poland choose own govt. Stalin agrees to let Poland choose own govt. USSR agrees to enter war against Japan USSR agrees to enter war against Japan

German Zones of Occupation

United Nations Agreed on creation of UN at Yalta Agreed on creation of UN at Yalta International peacekeeping organization International peacekeeping organization April 1945, San Francisco April 1945, San Francisco US a member, unlike the League of Nations US a member, unlike the League of Nations General Assembly=all member Nations General Assembly=all member Nations Security Council= 6 nations plus permanent (US, USSR, GB, FR, China) Security Council= 6 nations plus permanent (US, USSR, GB, FR, China) Each had veto power over proposed policiesEach had veto power over proposed policies

Potsdam Conference July 1945 July 1945 Truman, Stalin meet for first time Truman, Stalin meet for first time Continued debate of future of Germany and Poland Continued debate of future of Germany and Poland Truman tries to intimidate Stalin by telling him of a “new weapon of extraordinary force” Truman tries to intimidate Stalin by telling him of a “new weapon of extraordinary force” Stalin already knows about the A- Bomb, but is still nervous Stalin already knows about the A- Bomb, but is still nervous

Goals for the Post-War World US: US: Democratic opportunity through self-determinationDemocratic opportunity through self-determination Economic growth and opportunity (Capitalism)Economic growth and opportunity (Capitalism) USSR: USSR: Protect Soviet interests through establishment of satellite nations Promote Communism throughout the world

Economies of the Post-War Era Market Market(US) Capitalist Capitalist Individuals own property, resources Individuals own property, resources Supply and demand Supply and demand Profit Profit Command (Soviets) Command (Soviets) Gov't controls land, resources, property Gov't controls land, resources, property Gov’t makes all economic decisions Gov’t makes all economic decisions

Soviet Satellite Nations SATELLITE NATIONS: Countries dominated by the Soviet Union on its western border with Communist governments and economies By 1949, all of Eastern Europe is under Soviet control except Greece and Turkey

A Statement of Soviet Goals A Statement of Soviet Goals Stalin Speech Stalin Speech February 1946 February 1946 Predicts triumph of Communism over capitalism Predicts triumph of Communism over capitalism Called on Communists to spread system through non-military means Called on Communists to spread system through non-military means Cominform created Cominform created

The “Iron Curtain” Speech “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…Central and Eastern Europe… The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control… This is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace.” “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…Central and Eastern Europe… The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control… This is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent peace.” “Iron Curtain” speech, Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946 “Iron Curtain” speech, Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946

The Western Reaction Winston Churchill Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” has descended across Europe “Iron Curtain” has descended across Europe Communists seeking to dominate, rather than liberate, Eastern European countries Communists seeking to dominate, rather than liberate, Eastern European countries Called on Americans to keep Communists from dominating and oppressing any more nations Called on Americans to keep Communists from dominating and oppressing any more nations

The Cold War Begins Speeches by Stalin and Churchill set the stage for the COLD WAR Speeches by Stalin and Churchill set the stage for the COLD WAR COLD WAR = political, economic conflict and military tensions COLD WAR = political, economic conflict and military tensions No actual war (that’s a HOT WAR)No actual war (that’s a HOT WAR) Competition between US and USSR for power and influenceCompetition between US and USSR for power and influence Divides the world into two campsDivides the world into two camps

The American Response “[The Soviet Union] cannot be easily defeated or discouraged by a single victory on the part of its opponents… but only by intelligent, long-range policies… no less steady in their purpose… than those of the Soviet Union itself. In these circumstances, it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” “[The Soviet Union] cannot be easily defeated or discouraged by a single victory on the part of its opponents… but only by intelligent, long-range policies… no less steady in their purpose… than those of the Soviet Union itself. In these circumstances, it is clear that the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” American Diplomat George Kennan, article in Foreign Affairs magazine, July 1947 American Diplomat George Kennan, article in Foreign Affairs magazine, July 1947

America’s Response to Stalin George Kennan George Kennan Believed that the US and USSR cannot co-exist Believed that the US and USSR cannot co-exist US must STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM US must STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM This is CONTAINMENT – The main tenet of US Foreign policy for 45 years This is CONTAINMENT – The main tenet of US Foreign policy for 45 years

The Truman Doctrine “Nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority… The second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majority… I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.” “Nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority… The second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majority… I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.” Truman Doctrine speech by President Harry S. Truman to Congress, March 12, 1947 Truman Doctrine speech by President Harry S. Truman to Congress, March 12, 1947

The Truman Doctrine Truman’s response to Stalin is to begin a policy of aiding those fighting communism Truman’s response to Stalin is to begin a policy of aiding those fighting communism Focus on Greece and Turkey Focus on Greece and Turkey Strategic importance to USSR Strategic importance to USSR - access to Mediterranean - Middle eastern oil GB can’t help anymore GB can’t help anymore

The Truman Doctrine US takes up the leadership role- Becomes the leader of the “free world” US takes up the leadership role- Becomes the leader of the “free world” “Must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.” “Must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.” $400 million in military aid to Greece and Turkey $400 million in military aid to Greece and Turkey

The Marshall Plan “It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace… Its purpose [the Marshall Plan’s] should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.” “It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace… Its purpose [the Marshall Plan’s] should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.” Marshall Plan speech at Harvard University by Sec. of State George C. Marshall, June 5, 1947 Marshall Plan speech at Harvard University by Sec. of State George C. Marshall, June 5, 1947

The Marshall Plan Goals: Provide economic aid to war-torn European countries to rebuild Provide economic aid to war-torn European countries to rebuild Turn countries toward democracy and capitalism Turn countries toward democracy and capitalismEffect: Between US gave $13 Billion in aid Between US gave $13 Billion in aid Soviet Union invited to participate, but declined – Why? Soviet Union invited to participate, but declined – Why?

Marshall Plan Aid Distribution Yellow= received aid White=no aid Yellow= received aid White=no aid

Germany becomes an Issue Allies merge 3 zones to create West Germany in 1948 Allies merge 3 zones to create West Germany in 1948 West Berlin formed, part of West Germany but located inside East Germany West Berlin formed, part of West Germany but located inside East Germany

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT Stalin concerned over escapes to West Berlin Stalin concerned over escapes to West Berlin Stalin determined to take all of Berlin Stalin determined to take all of Berlin Blocked Allies access to West Berlin by closing road and railroad Blocked Allies access to West Berlin by closing road and railroad 15 months of airlifting in supplies to 2.5 million West Berliners 15 months of airlifting in supplies to 2.5 million West Berliners Soviets gave up in 1949 Soviets gave up in 1949

By 1949 the world is divided and is supported by one of two superpowers: The United States and the Soviet Union The Cold War has begun!