1 Andrew Jackson 7 th U.S. President Hero of the “Common Man” or King Andrew?

2 “Old Hickory” Because he was tough as hickory wood Willing to suffer alongside his men Creek Indians names him “sharp Knife for unwillingness to deal fairly Treaty with Creeks took 23 million acres after they acted as his allies

3 Jackson’s Early Life Andrew Jackson is born in Lancaster County, South Carolina March 15, 1767 Involved in Revolutionary War as a young boy Served as a messenger for the army Captured by the British. Slashed by officer's sword Jackson's boyhood home

4 Young Andrew Jackson Moves from South Carolina to Tennessee Marries Rachel Donelson Robards in 1791 Remarries her in 1794 Knows enough to become a frontier lawyer Makes money on land speculation Rachel Donelson Robards

5 Early Political Life Gets involved in politics Serves as delegate to TN Constitutional Convention Serves in U.S. House Senator from Tennessee Time in the U.S. capital is not happy for Jackson

6 The Hermitage Acquires 640 acres of land near Nashville in 1804 Eventually grows to 1,000+ acre plantation Mainly cotton & tobacco Jackson was a comparatively “good” slave master Still used whippings to induce production

7 Duel with John Dickinson May 30, 1806 Jackson kills John Dickinson in a duel. Dickinson accused Jackson of cheating in a horse race Also insulted Jackson ’ s wife Rachel Jackson was hot in the duel Put his hand over the wound and fired and killed Dickinson

8 Military Career Commander of the Tennessee militia in 1801 Elected Major-general in 1802 Carries out attacks against Creek Indians in War of 1812

9 Battle of New Orleans Jackson's 5,000 soldiers won a decisive victory over 7,500 British. At the end of the battle, the British had 2,037 casualties: 291 dead (including three senior generals. The Americans had 71 casualties: 13 dead, 39 wounded.

10 Seminole Wars – Florida – Long Knife Seminole Indians were providing sanctuary for runaway slaves Territory owned by Spain Jackson burns Seminole villages Hangs two British agents Some in Monroe administration call for censure John C. Calhoun – Secretary of War under Monroe – wanted Jackson censured

11 Election of 1824

12 Corrupt Bargain Henry Clay persuades members of the House to vote for John Quincy Adams Adams is elected by the House Clay becomes Adams’ Secretary of State Jackson supporters claim “corrupt bargain”

13 Election of 1828 Landslide victory for Andrew Jackson Jackson’s faith in “common man” Distrust of Eastern banks, establishment, special privileges Wins second term against Henry Clay in 1832

14 Jackson’s Bitterness Campaign had been intense – many attacks on Jackson ’ s and Rachel ’ s character. In December of 1828, Rachel Jackson dies after suffering 5days of violent heart seizures. Jackson blames the attacks on Rachel during the campaign for her death Never forgives his political enemies. Rachel Jackson

15 President Andrew Jackson and the “Kitchen Cabinet” (1829–1831) Infighting between Calhoun (VP) & Martin Van Buren Secretary of state Turns to unofficial cabinet led by Francis Blair Van Buren & John Eaton resign Others are forced to resign New Cabinet takes over

16 Spoil’s System Believed in rotation of political appointments Jackson “rotated 20% of Federal appointments Jackson’s belief that an average person could do government jobs Critics saw it as a reward for political support

17 Eaton Affair John Eaton Secretary of War & his wife Margaret (Peggy) 17 year old Peggy married 39 year old John Timberlake in 1817 Timberlake dies in 1828 In 1829 Peggy married family friend John Eaton Criticized for not waiting the proper mourning period Peggy Shunned by Washington Society Floride Bonneau Calhoun

18 Indian Removal Jackson always anti- Indian Whites wanted land of natives Indians judged as a group Gold discovered on Cherokee land 1830 Congress passes Indian Removal Act Cherokee sue to prevent forced relocation Cherokee Chief John Ross

19 John Marshall has made his decision Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court finds for the Cherokee Jackson endorsed attacks on the decision. Agrees that the Supreme Court had no power to review the constitutionality of state laws Refuses to enforce Supreme Court Decision John Marshall Chief of U.S. Supreme Court

20 Trail of Tears Group of Cherokee sign Treaty of New Echota Jackson sends 7,000 soldiers to Georgia in 1836 Forced march to Oklahoma Estimated 6,000 die between march and the internment camps west of the Mississippi

21 Nullification crisis Unhappiness of the tariff in South Carolina Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest SC nullifies tariffs of 1828 and1832 Jackson argues that nullification istreason Hang the first man I can get my hands on from the first tree that I can find

22 Webster- Hayne Debate Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Union — it must preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

23 The Force Bill & Compromise Congress passed Force Bill Use of military force to carry out the laws of Congress Henry Clay engineers a compromise Tariff gradually lowered soby 1842 it would be at 1816levels. Henry Clay of Kentucky

24 Jackson versus the Bank Always suspicious of banks and bank notes (paper money) Jackson decided to kill the bank by taking Federal deposits out. Jackson so determined, he fired two Treasury Secretaries who refused to do it. They feared it would destabilize the economy. The third, Roger B. Taney did it. Second Bank of the United States - Philadelphia

25 Jackson and Biddle BUS run by Nicholas Biddle Philadelphia aristocrat Financial favors to people in effort to save the BUS. Lots of loans to Daniel Webster. Webster also named a counsel and director of the Boston branch. Confirms Jackson ’ s suspicions about elite. Nicholas Biddle

26 Panic of Election Whigs run multiple candidates Martin Van Buren wins easily Major Recession – till mid 1840s Land speculation Loose lending by state banks Increase in interest rates Problems in Great Britain

27 Later Life Blamed for Panic of 1837 – initially unpopular in retirement Rejected any talk of secession, insisting, "I will die with the Union. “ Dies on June 8, 1845, at the age of 78 By the time he dies, and afterward, becomes immensely popular

28 Jackson’s Impact Administration defined by opposition Liberal use of veto power Major legislation Indian Removal Act Autocratic personality Rotating cabinet officers Personal animosity toward rivals like Clay, Biddle, Calhoun, John Ross The heroic Andrew Jackson

29 A Man of the People Self-made – poor background Seen as opponent of the rich and powerful Plain spoken – related to common man Historians are divided His stock goes up and down Many people would like to see Jackson replaced on the twenty dollar bill