Unit 4 Seminar APA, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Adjunct Professor Aubrey Freeman

Any questions/issues before we begin. This week we will discuss APA format for citations and papers, why we use it, and how to use it correctly. Before we begin, do you have any questions or comments about our work so far?

Before we begin… For my section, I expect: All papers submitted to be APA manuscript style including: Title page Header and page number on every page 1 inch margins Double-spaced text Indented paragraphs with no extra space between paragraphs Reference page for cited information Your name in the filename! For example: FreemanCM107Unit3.doc

What is plagiarism?

According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own to use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward. But can words and ideas really be stolen? According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property, and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file).

What is plagiarism? How can it be avoided?

What is plagiarism? How can it be avoided? Styles of citation- APA, MLA, ASA, AMA. We use APA at Kaplan University. Using a good reference for citation.

Why is citation required in two places? A citation is required in two places– as in- text citation and references page full citation. Some of the basics of in-text citation. What we need to include for references page citation. Let us get some citation practice.

Citing those sources Giving credit to sources helps to build credibility. Show your readers you are honest. Give reader necessary information to find sources and do further research Giving credit helps avoid issues with plagiarism. No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited. List sources alphabetically in the References page. Cite within the paper where you use these sources-show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS. 9

WHAT IS APA? American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. Most Kaplan courses require it. Guides the layout of the document Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text 10

IN TEXT CITATIONS Requires two or three pieces of information:  Author’s last name  Year  Page or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only) (Thompson, 2007) (Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4) A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of American households have a computer (Thompson, 2007). According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345). According to a 2007 article by Thompson, “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345). 11

IN TEXT CITATIONS with no author Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA). If no individual author is listed, cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or if no corporate author is listed, by the title of the article or page you are using (New Technologies in the Workplace, 2009). The Federal Communications Commission web site (2011). CBS and the Wardrobe Malfunction. Retrieved June 27, 2011, from 12

Reference page formatting Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters. Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner. Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces). Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals. 13

Sample References Page Roll the credits 5 References About APA style. (2006). Retrieved January 2, 2007, from the APA Web site: Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students avoid plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Academic Search Premier. Segal, C. (2006). Copy this. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(4), Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Professional Development Collection. What you need to know about plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Kaplan University: Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal, 33(15), Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Professional Development Collection. 14

APA 6 th Edition and DOI Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3). 15

APA—6 th edition New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5 th edition The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes Main changes: 1.DOI 2.Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1) 3.Title page 16

Document Formatting and Title Page Title page: include title of project, author, institution, course, instructor, and due date Double-space and center information on title page Include header and page number in upper right-hand corner Document should be in 12 pt. font (usually Times New Roman), double-spaced, header/page number on each page, first line of each paragraph indented one tab space. Use left justification. Put title on first line of page 2. 17

Example Title Page Running head: LEGALIZING MARIJUANA1 Legalizing Marijuana Aubrey Freeman Kaplan University CM Professor Freeman April 14,

FIELD TRIP-formatting and title page For a video showing how to format your paper and title page, please review: oone/folders/Jing/media/50487d db4-a96c-ee7cb86ba03c 19

What is paraphrasing? What is paraphrasing and why is it necessary? What is the correct way to paraphrase? Why should we use more paraphrasing than direct quotes in our papers? Let us get some practice paraphrasing.

What is paraphrasing? Taking source ideas and translating them into the writer’s language, vocabulary, and sentence structure. The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed. Paraphrasing does not simply change a few words. A paraphrase is usually much shorter than the original source. 21

How to PARAPHRASE Decide where you need to include source information in your writing. Locate the source that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting. Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open. Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words. Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words. Cite the source. 22

PRACTICE PARAPHRASING How would you paraphrase this statement? Reflections on Academic Misconduct: An Investigating Officer’s Experiences and Ethics Supplements By Ceil Pillsbury, Ph.D. One of the inherent core elements of our American system of higher education is the community of trust which exists between professors and students. Professors trust that students will honestly complete the assigned work and rely strictly on their own ability when taking examinations. The unfortunately reality is that research indicates academic misconduct has become a persistent and growing problem in the American system of higher education. 23

PRACTICE PARAPHRASING How would you paraphrase this statement? Attitudes, not just actions, are of great concern: ►28 percent of college students don’t think it is wrong to help another student cheat on an examination. ►31 percent don’t think it wrong to plagiarize a term paper. ►76 percent of students don’t think it is wrong to collaborate on a homework assignment, even when the professor had specifically asked for individual work. 24

How we integrate quotes into our writing. Using a signal phrase or sentence to introduce our quotations. Block quotes– what are they? Long and short quotations

The class room environment comes with an unstated agreement between a professor and the students that everyone will be honest. “Professors trust that students will honestly complete the assigned work and rely strictly on their own ability when taking examinations” (Pillsbury, n.d.). However, once one student breaks this trust, the environment for the class room suffers for everyone. Short quotations

Homelessness is caused by many reasons. One of these reasons, in the current economy, is the fact that many people can no longer afford their homes. Recently, foreclosures have increased the number of people who experience homelessness. The National Coalition for the Homeless released an entire report discussing the relationship between foreclosure and homelessness. The report found that there was a 32% jump in the number of foreclosures between April 2008 and April Since the start of the recession, six million jobs have been lost. In May 2009, the official unemployment rate was 9.4%. The National Low Income Housing Coalition estimates that 40 percent of families facing eviction due to foreclosure are renters and 7 million households living on very low incomes ( percent of Area Median Income) are at risk of foreclosure. (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). With this many people facing eviction, the numbers of homeless can only grow. Long quotations (a Blockquote)

This week:? Reading: Chapters 11 and 12 in the Writing Guide. The scenarios and article on Stephen Glass. Discussion: Respond to the following questions: If you had to choose one factor that influenced Glass’s behavior at The New Republic, what would you pick? Explain why this is the straw that broke his honesty. How could these loopholes have been avoided completely if editors had been more careful with Glass’s work? How much responsibility do you think falls on the editors? Do you think The New Republic will ever regain its reputation? Why or why not?

This week:? Discussion (continued): Respond to two other students. Make all of the responses substantive. Aim for 200 words in the initial response and 100 words to other students.

Any remaining questions and concerns?

Thank you for attending the seminar!