War of the Fourth Coalition 1813-1814

Fourth Coalition Britain Russia Austria Prussia

Battle of Leipzig “Battle of Nations” October 1813 Napoleon was finally defeated Lost 500,000 of 600,000 Grand Army Largest battle in world history until 20th century

Refusal Napoleon refused to accept terms of Austrian foreign minster, “Frankfurt Proposals” to reduce France to its historical size in return for his remaining on the throne

Quadruple Alliance March 1814 Each power (Fourth Coalition) agreed to provide 150,000 soldiers to enforce peace terms Napoleon abdicated as emperor on April 4, 1814 Bourbons were restored to throne (Louis XVIII)

“First” Treaty of Paris May 30, 1814 France surrendered all territory gained since the Wars of the Revolution began in 1792 Allied powers imposed no reparations

Exiled Napoleon exiled to the island of Elba as a sovereign with an income from France Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna to work out a general peace settlement

Congress of Vienna Sept 1814 – June 1815 Big Four Britain Austria Sought balance of power by surrounding France with larger and stronger states Austria Did not want many changes to French gov’t Russia Demanded “free” and “independent” Poland, with him as ruler Prussia Recover lost territory and gain part of northern Germany

Principles Legitimacy Compensation Return to power of the ruling family Bourbons restored in France, Spain, and Naples Papal States returned to Pope Compensation Territorially rewarding those states that fought England received naval bases Austria gained parts of Italy and Poland Russia given most of Poland and Finland Prussia rewarded Rhineland Sweden received Norway

Principles Balance of Power Arranged to map of Europe so that never again could one state upset the international order and cause a general war Encirclement of France achieved End of Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire Only Britain remained as a growing power and began their century of world leadership from 1814-1914