EXPLORING MARRIAGES AND FAMILY, 2 ND EDITION Karen Seccombe © 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 Sexual Identity, Behavior, and Relationships Special Topic: Contraceptives and Abortion

What is Birth Control/Contraceptives? Birth control is any method used to prevent pregnancy. Another term for birth control is contraceptives. If you have sexual intercourse without using contraceptives, there is a chance that a woman or girl could get pregnant. –This is true even if a girl has not started having periods yet, or if a woman is getting close to menopause. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Needs Contraceptives? There are 62 million U.S. women of reproductive age (classified as ages ). 7 in 10 of these women (43 million) are sexually active and do not want to become pregnant. The sexually active teen who does not use contraceptives has a 90% chance of becoming pregnant within a year. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Needs Contraceptives? The typical U.S. woman wants only 2 children, therefore, she must use contraceptives for 3 decades. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Uses Contraceptives? Of the 62 million in reproductive years (15- 44): –<99% of women who have ever had sexual intercourse have used contraceptives. –62% are currently using a contraceptive method. –31% do not use a method because they are infertile, pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or are not sexually active. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Uses Contraceptives? –7% of women age are at high risk for unintended pregnancy BUT 10% GET PREGNANT IN ANY ONE YEAR. (contraceptives sometime fail) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Contraceptives Hormonal methods Intrauterine devices Barrier methods Natural family planning Permanent sterilization Emergency backup © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which Is the Best Method? The “best” method is one that protects every time. A person should consider: –how well it works –how much effort it takes –when/if you want to have children –how much the method costs –whether it protects you from infection –whether you and/or your partner will use it regularly © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which Methods Do Women Use? Almost 2/3 of reproductive-age women who use contraceptives use nonpermanent methods. Over 1/3 use sterilization or (partner’s) vasectomy. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Type of Contraception Among U.S. Women Who Use Contraception ( ) Pill28% Tubal Sterilization27% Male Condom16% Vasectomy10% IUD 6% Withdrawal 5% 3-mo. Injectable 3% © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Type of Contraception Among U.S. Women Who Use Contraception ( ) Vaginal Ring 2% Implant 1% Periodic Abstinence 1% Other 1% © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Percent of Women Aged Using Selected Contraceptive Methods, by Race and Hispanic Origin: U.S., © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Percent of Contraceptors Aged Using the Pill, by Age: U.S., © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Percent of Contraceptors Aged Using the Pill, by Education: U.S., © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Percent of Contraceptors Aged Using Female Sterilization, by Education: U.S., © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Let’s Discuss Two of the Most Commonly Used Methods Birth Control Pills: –A type of prescription medication that women can take daily to prevent pregnancy. Cost: $15-$50/mo. –The hormones in the pill work by keeping a woman’s ovaries from releasing eggs, and by thickening cervical mucus and lining of the uterus. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Birth Control Pills Benefits: For most women, the pill is simple, safe, and convenient. Allows spontaneity. Disadvantages: Possible side effects such as nausea, tenderness, and bleeding between periods. Serious risks are rare, but can include heart attack, stroke, and blood clots. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Male Condom Made of thin latex or plastic and worn on the penis during intercourse. Condoms prevent pregnancy by collecting semen when a man ejaculates. By covering the penis, condoms also reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Male Condom Benefits: Safe, effective, inexpensive, and easy to get; reduces the risk of STIs. Disadvantages: Some men feel that a condom dulls sensation; men and women may feel shy about using condoms. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Planned Parenthood Emphasizes Using Condoms Whenever There Is a Risk for an STI “It doesn’t feel as good with a condom….” “But I’ll feel more relaxed.” “But we’ve never used condoms before….” “I don’t want to take any more risks.” “Condoms are gross….” © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Planned Parenthood Emphasizes Using Condoms Whenever There Is a Risk for an STI “Being pregnant when I don’t want to be is worse. So is AIDS.” “Don’t you trust me?....” “Trust isn’t the point. People carry STIs without knowing it.” “But I love you….” “Then you will help me protect myself.” © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abortion In the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, the Supreme Court ruled that women, in consultation with their physician, have a constitutionally protected right to have an abortion in the early stages of pregnancy. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abortion In 1992, Planned Parenthood v. Casey, states could enact restrictions as long as they do not create an “undue burden.” –e.g., 35 states now enforce parental consent/notification. Nearly half of all pregnancies among U.S. women are unintended, and 4 in 10 of these are terminated in abortion. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abortion In other words 22% of all pregnancies (excluding miscarriages) end in abortion. Rates of abortion have steadily declined since © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Number of Abortions per 1,000 Women Aged 15-44, by Year © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Has Abortions? Of those who have abortions-- –AGE: 18% are teens 57% are aged –RACE: 36% are white 30% are black 25% are Hispanic 9% are other © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Has Abortions? Marriage and Family: –55% are married –61% have one or more children –42% have incomes below the federal poverty line © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why an Abortion? “The reasons women give for having an abortion underscore their understanding of the responsibilities of parenthood and family life.” –Planned Parenthood ¾ of women cite concern for other individuals. ¾ say they cannot afford a child. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why an Abortion? ¾ say that having a baby would interfere with work, school, or the ability to care for children. ½ say they do not want to be a single parent or are having problems with their husband or partner. © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February Abortion Surveillance—U.S., Online: 001a1.htm?s_cid=ss6001a1_w 001a1.htm?s_cid=ss6001a1_w © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

References Guttmacher Institute. January “Facts on American Teens’ Sexual and Reproductive Health.” In Brief: Fact Sheet. Online: ATSRH.html ATSRH.html © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

References Guttmacher Institute. January “Facts on Induced Abortion in the U.S.” In Brief: Fact Sheet. Online: d_abortion.html d_abortion.html © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

References Guttmacher Institute June “Facts on Contraceptive Use in the U.S.” In Brief: Fact Sheet. Online: se.html se.html Mosher, WD, Jones, J. Use of Contraception in the United States: National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 23 (9) © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

References Planned Parenthood “Birth Control Pills.” Online: topics/birth-control/birth-control-pill htm topics/birth-control/birth-control-pill htm Planned Parenthood “Condom.” Online: topics/birth-control/condom htm topics/birth-control/condom htm © 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.