Free Trade and First Phase of industrialization 1850’s The start of industrialization p work sheet Write a definition of Free trade in your own words. What does reciprocity mean? Provide 3 examples of how the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 benefited Canada?

 Who was Adam Smith ? How did his economic theory change the way businesses' and the government regulate the economy?

The First Phase of industrialization (1850’s) Read the first three paragraphs on page 190. Using the information from that page, analyze the documents. What is this document showing? How does this document explain what the first phase of industrialization is about? 1- smaller labour force making shoes for locals markets 2 pairs a day 2. Mass Production pf goods that could eventually be exported 300 pairs Through the first phase of industrialization mechanization replaced the craft workshops because this made more money If a country can create a product and meet the demands of the market they should -- this is how they will make money and compete with other economies.

Why were canals important to the development of the economy during the first Phase of Industrialization? If canals were important, why were railroads even ore important?

What factors led to the creation of urban centres? What was the situation of the workers and how did they respond?

Montreal : The Industrial City  kjhkjh

Industrialization phase Causes Agricultural 1. Crop Diversification  increased production 2. Townships  New farms  more production 3. New mechanization  increased production  Ex steam engine harvest more faster. Demographic 1. Growth in population  immigration from Britain  natural growth 2. Lack of farmland  people move to cities Economic 1. Economic liberalism  Free trade ( reciprocity) 2. More Capital : can be invested in new business Tech and Transport 1. Steam engine  increased production 2. Canals + railway  better more efficient transport. Consequences Territorial 1. Urbanization  Established cities grow bigger  Now cities develop Social 1. Bad working conditions 1. Low wages long hours 2. Dangerous conditions / child labour 2. Bad living conditions 1. Diseases cramped polluted Economic 1. economy grows a great deal 2. More Jobs, more $$ 3. Industrial capitalism

Industrialization Causes Agricultural 1. Crop Diversification  increased production 2. Townships  New farms  more production 3. New mechanization  increased production  Ex steam engine harvest more faster. Demographic 1. Growth in population  immigration from Britain  natural growth 2. Lack of farmland  people move to cities Economic 1. Economic liberalism  Free trade ( reciprocity) 2. More Capital : can be invested in new business Tech and Transport 1. Steam engine  increased production 2. Canals + railway  better more efficient transport.

Industrialization Consequences Territorial 1. Urbanization  Established cities grow bigger  Now cities develop Social 1. Bad working conditions 1. Low wages long hours 2. Dangerous conditions / child labour 2. Bad living conditions 1. Diseases cramped polluted Economic 1. economy grows a great deal 2. More Jobs, more $$ 3. Industrial capitalism

Industrialization

Working conditions + Living conditions Textbook Worst jobs in history Primary sources

Industrialization Change from cottage industry to factory production. Capital investment led to the development of specialized places for production. Big change was people going to work.

Specialization Specialization leads to simple tasks unskilled/cheap labour. Mass production. Lower cost goods. People moving into the cities and to Canada from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.

Infrastructure Development: canals, railways. Transport: St. Lawrence. Power: Water power from the rivers to run the machines. Coal (Steam). Protectionism: tariffs.

Companies Managers tended to be English (British) Workers tended to be French or immigrants (included Irish, Scottish). Food processing: Flour, Sugar, Meat packing, brewing. Leather: tannery. Textiles: weaving cloth. Tobacco Wood

Working Conditions Less than 20% of the population lived in the cities in 1867….1900: 36%. People moved into the cities. They found conditions very harsh. Six day work week, 60 to 72 hours per week. No insurance, not for sickness or injury. No unemployment insurance No vacations.

Working conditions Low wages: $10 per man for a week (‘Basket of goods, then $10) Women might get $3 per week and children less. No Unions.

Living conditions Towns had grow slowly for many years. When industrialization began towns grew quickly. Wooden structures built near the factories Constant danger of fire. No Water, No proper sewage. Overcrowded. Factories had no pollution controls. No garbage pick up

Working Class: Living conditions High mortality rates: 300 per 1000 children did not live one year. Malnutrition/Epidemics disease.

What has happen so far ?

National Policy John A Macdonald made the promise to improve Canada’s economy 3 measures: a) impose a tariff (tax) on American goods b) build a railway to the west (to transport grain to the cities and products to the west) c) bring in immigrants (creates a market for more goods)

Second Phase of Industrialization ( ) Investment Capital - The United States Main Industries - newsprint, mining, pulp and paper, aluminum Labour - more highly skilled

Regions Industrialized - Abitibi, Saguenay, Three Rivers Source of Power - Hydroelectric Transportation - Railways Market - for export to the United States

IMPORTANT!!! The industries from the First Phase continue into the Second Phase!

Working Conditions most workers earned less than $10 a week factories employed women and children and paid them lower wages employers were not concerned with the health and security of their workers workers worked between ten and twelve hours a day, six days a week Workers started unions to get more pay and better working conditions

Industrialization phase Causes National Policy  Help Canadian industry by imposing a tax on American goods Agriculture Wheat. 1. because of immigration boom, lots of fertile land, cheap transport ( rail)= wheat became export #1 Economic= foreign investment 1. the US=this modernizes the industry. New energy source  Quebec has many waterways =Hydroelectricity Demand for raw material in US  example pulp and paper for newspapers ( main source of news) Consequences Territorial 1. Rail expansion colonized new town in Quebec 2. New Rich neighbourhoods outside of the core – street cars make travel in cities easier Social 1. Still Bad working and living conditions 2. Big change machines modernize- fewer people needed – labour becomes skilled Economic 1. Production increases 2. Transportation cost decreases 3. Export primarly.US market

Industrialization Causes National Policy  Help Canadian industry by imposing a tax on American goods Agriculture Wheat. 1. because of immigration boom, lots of fertile land, cheap transport ( rail)= wheat became export #1 Economic= foreign investment 1. From Britain and the US=this modernizes the industry. New energy source  Quebec has many waterways =Hydroelectricity Demand for raw material in US  example pulp and paper for newspapers ( main source of news)

Industrialization Consequences Territorial 1. Rail expansion colonized new town in Quebec 2. New Rich neighbourhoods outside of the core – street cars make travel in cities easier Social 1. Still Bad working and living conditions 2. Big change machines modernize- fewer people needed – labour becomes skilled Economic 1. Production increases 2. Transportation cost decreases 3. US market primary export.

Industrialization Investment Capital  From Britain or English business community of Montreal Main Industries  Food processing, shoes, textiles, wood, railway equipment Labour  cheap and unskilled (allowed for women and children to work in factories) Regions Industrialized  centred around Montreal Source of Power  water power and coal (to make steam) were used to drive the machinery Transportation  canals and waterways but increasingly railways Market  primarily for domestic consumers Investment Capital  The United States Main Industries  newsprint, mining, pulp and paper, aluminum Labour  more highly skilled Regions Industrialized  Abitibi, Saguenay, Three Rivers Source of Power  Hydroelectric Transportation  Railways Market  for export to the United States Phase 2 ( ) Phase 1 ( )