Ch. 13: NC Competency Goals n US 4.01: Compare and contrast the different groups of people who migrated to the West and describe the problems they experienced. n US 4.02: Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and the environment. n US 4.03: Describe the causes and effects of the financial difficulties that plagued the American farmer and trace the rise and decline of Populism. n US 4.04: Describe innovations in agricultural technology and business practices and assess their impact on the West. Student Objectives By the end of this chapter, students will be able to: n Identify & explain key terms on pages 417, 424, & 429, & successfully complete the chapter review on pages n Identify & explain the reasons for the population explosion in the West; n Identify & explain the life of farmers & miners & new inventions that helped them cope on the Great Plains; n Create a geographical map of the USA; n Identify & explain the reasons behind the tensions between settlers & Native Americans; n Explain the economic problems facing farmers; n Identify the different political groups organized to fight for farmers; n Analyze the effectiveness of the Populist Movement

Introduction n As more white settlers moved West, conflicts with Native Americans increased n Settlers on the Great Plains made farming in the west profitable n After decades of economic hardships, farmers unify & create a political party.

It’s Little Friday Do Now: Interpret the short answer question from yesterday’s quiz: (what is the question really asking you?” –“The settlement of the Great Plains after the Civil War was largely in part due to incentives offered by the American Government and technological innovations which made working the Plains profitable.” Justify this statement using at least three pieces of evidence that address both incentives and innovations. Remember, your first test is next Tuesday. I will have a test tutoring session Monday afternoon if you can make it. –I have a meeting off campus this afternoon & will not be at tutoring today – if you need help, let me know & I will get something on the wiki page to help you.

1.2: Vanishing Buffalo – Vanishing Tribes Brainstorm Activity General Information Buffalo & Railroads Evolution of Tensions Sand Creek Massacre Battle of Little Big Horn Assimilation Dawe’s Act Wovoka –Ghost Dance Battle of Wounded Knee Reasons Native Americans Lost Helen Hunt Jackson Civil Rights for Native Americans

1.2: Brainstorm Activity Trace the increasing tensions between American settlers & Native Americans

General Information Many of the Plains tribes were nomadic –They moved – followed food –Lived in small extended families Buffalo was most important animal –Provided clothes, weapons, shelter, toys, etc. Land was for tribal use = no land ownership Many tribes were relocated to the Great Plains during the 1830s –Moved onto reservations –Land did not support buffalo & soil was poor quality –Those in charge of reservations often took the money without improving life on the reservations

Railroads & the Buffalo Railroads expanding westward Killed millions of buffalo to create tracks & for fun Disappearing Buffalo 1800: 15,000, : < 1,000 Devastated the Plains Tribes –Their way of life was disappearing – how will they live? Almost all the buffalo were killed, but they are making a slow return.

Mounting Tensions Native Americans pushed west Settlers want Native American Land (gold, soil) Native Americans pushed further west Native Americans began attacking white settlers US Military gets Involved! Fighting btwn. Native Americans & Army escalates 1867: Several treaties signed. Temporary peace 1867 land treaties violated 1870s: Miners enter Black Hills searching for gold Black Hills land promised to Native Americans in 1867 Sioux Tribe heads west to Montana searching for new land Movement scares crap out of Army Begins Indian Wars

Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 Under command of Col. Chivington, the US Army attacks Cheyenne & Arapaho living at Sand Creek Chivington gave direct orders to kill everyone – no prisoners US Army slaughtered hundreds of women, children & elderly

“The massacre lasted six or eight hours….I tell you Ned it was hard to see little children on their knees have their brains beat out by men professing to be civilized….there was no organization among our troops, they were a perfect mob….You would think it impossible for white men to butcher and mutilate human beings as they did there, but every word I have told you is the truth….It was almost impossible to save any of them. When the women were killed the Bucks did not seem to try and get away, but fought desperately….Charly Autobee saved John Smith….They were going to murder Charlie Bent, but I run him into the Fort….I expect we will have a hell of a time with the Indians this winter.” –-Captain Silas Soule 1st Colorado Cavalry (USV) to Major Edward Wynkoop, former commander, Fort Lyon, Colorado Territory. December 14, 1864 “I heard Colonel Chivington give no orders in regard to prisoners. I tried to take none myself, but killed all I could…I think and earnestly believe the Indian to be an obstacle to civilization and should be exterminated.” –-Major Jacob Downing 3rd Colorado Cavalry (USV

Battle of Little Bighorn June 1867 United under tribal elders, Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull, Sioux tribe moving west to find new land General Custer sent to capture them & bring them back to the reservation Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse ambush Custer’s 7 th Cavalry & slaughter the military “1st” battle of the Indian Wars Custer & his men were dead within minutes –Scalped, etc.

More Resistance In 1877, the Nez Perce, under Chief Joseph, fled & fought the US Army to avoid being put onto a reservation –In 75 days, they traveled 1300 miles trying to get to Canada –Unsuccessful, stopped just short of the Canadian border  Forced onto reservations The Apaches under Chief Geronimo were relocated to Florida, then back to Oklahoma The Arizona Apache tribe was the last to continue resisting forced resettlement onto reservations

Chief Joseph: I will fight no more, forever. Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before, I have it in my heart. I am tired of fighting. Our Chiefs are killed; Looking Glass is dead, Ta Hool Hool Shute is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led on the young men is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are - perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my Chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever. Chief Joseph - Thunder Traveling to the Loftier Mountain Heights

To “Americanize” –Give up beliefs, try to look & act like white people –Make more like white Americans Dawe’s Act 1887: Attempt to assimilate Native Americans –Taught their culture was savage –Reservations were broken up –Forced Native Americans to be farmers Bad tools, soil & services Good land was swindled from Native Americans in bad land deals –Children forced to attend American schools Taught English language, dress, culture, etc. Assimilation

Wovoka Piute Chief Wanted to make things the way were before white men came Practiced the Ghost Dance: Purification dance that would bring back their traditional life – Cleanses the Native American spirit & prepares him/her for the afterlife –Cleanses Native Americans of white influences

Battle of Wounded Knee 12/29/1890 Ghost Dance was performed by the Native American to restore buffalo & make whites vanish. –Alarmed military leaders & settlers: they’d never seen this before Sitting Bull was killed & sparked conflict –A gun suddenly went off… 300 unarmed Native Americans were slaughtered –Mostly women, children & the elderly Ended the Indian Wars

Reasons Why Native Americans Lost the Indian Wars 1.Often fought against the US Army as individual tribes – they did not unite 2.Were no match for Army artillery

Helen Hunt Jackson Wrote A Century of Dishonor: about the broken promises to the Native Americans Land deals, agricultural education, treaties etc. Brought Native American issue into the homes, just like Uncle Tom’s Cabin brought slavery into the home !

Native American Civil Rights 1924: Native Americans declared citizens of the US 1932: Native Americans can consolidate land 1964: Finally given the right to vote during the Voting Rights Act